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Malaria - Coggle Diagram
Malaria
Rapid diagnostic tests (rDT)
qualitative test that detects antigens
specific to P. falciparum
complements blood test
detects antigen common to all 4 malarial species
advantages
quick and simple
no specialist training required
disadvantages
may not detect low levels of parasites in the blood
not quantitative
usually followed by a thin/thick smear microscopy
life cycle
Vectors/host
mammalian host - human only
female Anopheles mosquito
sporogenic lifecycle
gut of female mosquito
sexual development
migrate to salivary gland
human liver stage
exo-erythrocytic stage (not involving RBC)
liver cells
schizont burst and travel to RBC
human blood stages
erythrocytic cycle
repeats every 6-72 hours
associated with disease symptoms
Anti-malarials
Doxycycline
Mefloquine
disadvantages
resistance
unpleasant side effects
no drug is effective at all stages
Vaccines
other vaccine targets
transmission blocking
blood stage
Protein targets
sporozoite proteins
surface proteins
Vaccine which has reached clinical trial
Pre-erythrocytic RTS.S vaccine
prevents the parasite emerging from the liver and progressing to the erythrocytic stage
other methods for eradicating malaria
transgenic Anopheles mosquitos
sterile males
males will not increase incidence of malaria as they don't take a blood meal
express bee venom phospholipase in the gut so have reduced ability to transmit parasite.
Insecticides - insecticide treated nets - ITN - also long lasting INs can last up to 3 years.
larvicides - destroy their larvae.
Symptoms
late disease
respiratory distress
anaemia
early infection
headaches
chills
fever
Blood smear for diagnosis
disadvantages
drug treatment makes it difficult to identify species
need experienced microscopists
advantages
low technology
cheap