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02 REVOLUTIONS AND THE RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM - Coggle Diagram
02 REVOLUTIONS AND THE RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM
01 THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The Neolithic Revolution was the start of a very long process in which human societies moved from a nomadic and predatory life (hunting and gathering) to a sedentary and productive one (
The process of industrialisation and the Industrial Revolution began in the middle of the 18th century, and changed the course of history
2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Industrial Revolution was the gradual transition from a society based on agriculture to one based on industry. This process did not take place at the same time in every country. Economies were modernised at different speeds
MAIN FEATURES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
appearance of the proletariat or working class
higher population
an increase in the production of goods and their sales
02 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
1 CRITICISM OF THE OLD REGIME
guarantee individual rights and moderate the power of kings. This was one of the most important contributions of the Enlightenment and parliamentarianism. However, enlightened thinkers such as Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau formulated more radical criticisms that led to liberalism.
The liberals criticised different aspects.
The survival of a feudal economy
The power of absolute monarchs and the Church
The legal inequality of the estate system
The survival of manorialism in the fiefdoms of the nobility and the Church
2 IDEAS OF POLITICAL LIBERALISM
Equality of people before the law
The existence of unalienable individual rights
The division of powers
Sovereignty resides in the nation
03 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: THE FOUNDING OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1 THE THIRTEEN COLONIES: WAR AND INDEPENDENCE
Since the 17th century, groups of European emigrants, mainly from England, had settled on the east coast of North America. Some had fled political instability and religious persecution in their countries of origin.
THE THIRTEEN COLONIES
After the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) between Great Britain and France, the British created a large permanent army in America. They forced the colonists to fund it through new taxes, but the colonists rebelled
A revolutionary process began. In 1776, delegates from the Thirteen Colonies met in Philadelphia and declared independence from Great Britain and George III’s rule. The colonies became known as states, and the new country was called the United States of America.
After the battles of Saratoga and Yorktown, which were won by the colonists led by George Washington, the Peace of Paris was signed in 1783. Great Britain formally recognised the new country’s independenc
2 THE POLITICAL REGIME OF THE UNITED STATES
The delegates from the new states met again in Philadelphia and drafted a Constitution, which was approved in 1787
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
federal republic
separation of powers
Popular sovereignty
Suffrage
head of state
basic rights
05 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
1 FEATURES OF THE NAPOLEONIC REGIME
He established hereditary power to ensure his regime would continue, based on several reasons
was crowned emperor of the French in 1804,
NAPOLEON’S REFORMS
repressive regime
French Civil Code
revolutionary achievements
boosted the economy
authoritarian government
modern educational models
Public Administration
06 THE RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM
1 THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
After Napoleon’s defeat in 1814, the victorious countries met at the Congress of Vienna
There were many participants, but the powers that led and conditioned the Congress were the great absolute monarchies of Prussia, Russia and Austria, as well as Great Britain, a parliamentary monarch
To restore absolutism under a new name: legitimism
To create an alliance, called the Holy Alliance
To restore the boundaries on the map of Europe
2 THE NEW MAP OF EUROPE
he Kingdom of the Netherlands, formed by the former United Provinces and the Catholic Netherlands, ceded by Austria, and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
France’s pre-Revolution borders were restored
Italian territory remained divided, although Austria seized Lombardy, Venice and its Balkan regions
Norway was ceded to Sweden to punish Denmark for its support of Napoleon
The Holy Empire was replaced by the German Confederation, which had little real power and was made up of several states
Eastern Europe was divided between Austria, Russia and Prussia. This led to the partition of Poland.