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Sociology revision - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Durkheim gave distinction between sacred and profane. religion is important because sacred things create powerful feelings. When people worship they are worshipping society. Sacred symbols unite believers into a moral community as represent society's collective conscience (shared norms, values, and beliefs). Religion is the source of cognitive functions like reasoning - it provides concepts and categories that people need in order to understand the world
      - Malinowski said religion performs a psychological function - helps people cope with emotional stress that has the potential to undermine social solidarity
      - Parsons claimed religion creates and legitimises society's basic norms and values. - it provides a source of meaning and answers ultimate questions
      - Bellah said that religion unifies society. - lots of different religions coexist so a civil religion is formed in America where Americanism is worshipped
    - - Lenin religion is a 'spiritual gin' - suggests it in manipulated by the ruling class to keep the proletariat from overthrowing capitalism
      - Marx said that religion is a product of alienation - workers think the capitalist system alienates them from the power of production. religion is a form of consolation in dehumanising conditions, dulling the pain of exploitation
      - Althusser said religion is an ideological state apparatus
    - - Woodhead claims not all religions are patriarchal
      - Rinaldo suggests women can use religion to gain respect for their roles within the home and family
  - - - Not everyone agrees science is an open belief system
        
        Kuhn argues physics is based on a set of shared assumptions and scientists who challenge this are likely to be ridiculed
        
        Woolgar argues a scientific fact is simply a shared, socially constructed belief
        
        Marxists and Feminists see science as serving the interests of the dominant group - many scientific developments are driven by Capitalism and its need for knowledge to make greater profits
    - - Both religion and science are ideologies
        
        Marxism says that: Capitalist classes exploit workers' labour to produce profit, it is in the workers' best interests to overthrow capitalism, and ruling class hegemony prevents class consciousness developing
        
        Feminists claim that gender inequality is legitimised by patriarchal ideology. They say that religious beliefs often define women an inferior and exclude them from rituals
        
        Nationalism says that nations are real communities each with their own characteristics and that it binds millions of people together and creates a sense of common purpose. Marxists see this as an example of false consciousness. Functionalists argue this is a form of civil religion