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Photosynthesis: H20 + CO2 + Sunlight = C6H12O6 + O2 - Coggle Diagram
Photosynthesis: H20 + CO2 + Sunlight = C6H12O6 + O2
Light Dependent Reaction:
Photosystem II: Splits H2O molecules into H+ and O2 (photolysis). the O2 is released into the atmosphere and the electrons from the H+ are donated to photosystem II. In this system, a reaction center energizes the electrons using light energy and passes them to the ETC. The ETC will then turn ADP+P into ATP. The electrons are then passed to photosystem I
Photolysis: The decomposition/ separation of molecules using sun light. In photosynthesis, photolysis is used to split apart water molecules, creating H+ ions which will accumulate in the thylakoid while O2 is released into the atmosphere. The electrons from the hydrogen ions will b donated to the photosystem II where they will be used to turn ADP+P into ATP.
ATP: Energy used by an organism
Electron Transport System/Chain (ETC): Takes the electrons form hydrogen atoms and energizes them in the reaction centre using sunlight. The energized electrons are then passed to the ETC and are used to convert the ADP+P into ATP.
Photophosphorylation: Is the conversion of ADP to ATP using light energy.
Photosystem I: Electrons passed on from photosystem II are now non-energized after use in the ETC. And so the reaction center in photosystem I re-energizes the electrons. The electrons are then used to reduce NADP+ into NADPH using the accumulated H+ ions
Redox: Is when reduction and oxidization are happening at the same time. Reduction is the gain of an electron. But you have to consider where the electron is coming from. So as one molecule is being reduced (gaining electron) another molecule is being oxidized (loosing an electron).
Reduction: The gain of an electron. When electrons are being given to a compound/molecule.
Reaction Center: Where light energy is used to energize lectrons.
Oxidization: The loss of an electron. When electrons are being taken from an compound/molecule.
NADPH: Has reduction power
Where They Occur: The light dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplast.
Energy, Enzymes, Metabolism (L1):
Catalysts: Something that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
Coenzymes: Organic components that assist enzymes.
Cofactors: Inorganic components that assist enzymes.
Enzymes: Proteins which speed up the rate of chemical reaction within our bodies.
Factors Effecting enzymes reaction/productivity:
pH: Enzymes function best at an around neutral pH.
Substrate concentration: The amount of substrate available that can be turned into product.
Temp: Generally higher/warmer temperatures speed up reaction.
Substrate: Anything that is bonding to an enzyme. Something that an enzyme grows on or attaches to. It is what the enzyme is acting apon.
Energy: The ability to do work.
Catabolism: The break down of complex and energy rich molecules. This releases energy.
Anabolism: IS the build up of complex and energy rich molecules. This requires energy.
Metabolism: Is the sum of all chemical reactions within an organism. The chemical reactions within cells break down food into energy.
Exergonic: Reactions that release energy (exo).
Endergonic: Reactions that require energy (endo).
Activation Energy: The amount of energy required to start or initiate a reaction.
Chloroplast/Matter and Energy Pathways in Living Systems (L2):
Trapping Sunlight:
Green color: Green is a very good color for trapping sunlight. Catches red and blue light and reflects green. These colors are where the rate of photosynthesis is the highest because the red and blue wavelengths of light provide the most energy for the plant.
Wavelengths of light: The chloroplast is reflecting green while absorbing red and blue wavelengths.
Chloroplast:
Grana: A stack of thylakoids.
Thylakoid: Pouch like sack in which the light dependent reaction occurs.
Stroma: The fluid filling the inner space of the chloroplast suspending the grana/thylakoids. This is where the light independent reactions occur.
Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle): This cycle takes ATP and NADPH produced from the light dependent cycle, and uses it to produce glucose aswell as NADP+ and ADP+P
2: Reduction: The 3-Carbon moelcules are at a very low energy state and must be energized to be used. ATP is used to energize the molecules and NADPH is used to reduce the molecules (they gain electrons). Note that both ATP and NADPH where provided from the light dependent cycle. This results in the creation of PGAL/G3P. Some of these moelcuels exit the cycle to produce glucose, however most of them must go through the cycle again.
3: Replacing RUBP/Regeneration: Most of the PGAL/G3P is used to create RUBP. ATP is applied to these molecules in which they are broken and re-formed to make the RUBP. The RUBP then returns to the first step (carboxylation) and the cycle repeats. The cycle needs to occur 6 times to produce just 1 glucose molecule.
1: Carboxylation: CO2 is taken in and chemically bonded to RUBP (a 5 carbon molecule) creating a 6 carbon molecule. This become very unstable and immidiatley splits into two 3 carbon molecules know as 3PG. These molecuels are passed down to the next step.
Full explanation:
Exchange: -The light Dependent reaction produces ATP and NADPH which it provides to the light independent cycle.
-The light independent reaction produces NADP+ and ADP+P which is given to the light dependent reaction.
-The light independent reaction also produces the glucose itself.
Other:
Chemiosmosis: The movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane.
CO2 Fixation: Is the process of CO2 bonding to the RUBP to make the 3PG. Fixation makes sure the molecule is stable and preserved.
Reduction:
Oxidization:
Review/From science 10-1:
The Leaf:
Phloem: Carries sugars and nutrients from the leaves down to the plant
Stomata: Opening in the leaves for gas exchange.
Xylem: Carries Water and nutrients to the leaves.
Palisade Tissue Cells: Found under the upper epidermal. Contains most of the chloroplast.
Spongy Tissue Cells: Near the lower epidermal, contains some chloroplast.
Guard Cells: Open and close to cover and open stoma/stomata
Epidermal Tissue Cells: The outer layer of the leave that contains the stoma and gaurd cells.. There is upper and lower epidermal tissue.
Plant Cells:
Large Central Vacuole:
Chloroplast:
Cell Wall: