Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Prevent backflow into atria when ventricular contract
        
        Chordae tendineae: anchors cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles that function to hold valve flaps in closed position; prevent flaps from everting back into atria
        
        Mitral/Bicuspid valve: made up of two cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle
        
        Tricuspid valve: made up of three cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle
    - - Prevent backflow from major arteries back into ventricles
        
        open and close in response to pressure changes
        
        Pulmonary semilunar valve: locates between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
        
        Aortic semilunar valve: locate between left ventricle and aorta
  - - - SVC: returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
      - IVC: returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
      - Coronary sinus: returns blood from coronary veins
    - - receives oxygenated blood from lungs
  - - - coronary sinus empties into right atrium; formed by merging cardiac vein
- - - - Capillaries unite to form postcapillary venules
        
        consist of endothelum and a few pericytes
        
        very porous; allows fluid and WBCs into tissues
        
        larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
        
        Venous valves
        
        Prevent backflow of blood
        
        most abundant in veins of limbs
        
        Venous sinuses
        
        flattened veins with extremely thin walls
  - - - Interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
        1) Vascular shunt: channel; that directly connects arteriole with venule
        2) Precapillary sphincter: acts as valve, regulating blood flow into capillary bed
  - - - Thick-walled with large, low-resistance lumen
        
        act as pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is ejected from heart
    - - Called distributing arteries: they deliver blood to body organs
        
        active in vasoconstriction: decreased lumen diameter
    - - smallest of all arteries
        
        control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscles
        
        called resistance arteries: changing diameter chaned resistance to blood flow
        
        leads to capillary beds
- - - - Function
        
        Form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
      - Fragments of larger megakaryocyte; involved in blood clotting process
    - - Function in defense against disease
        
        leave capillaries and move through tissue spaces
      - Granulocytes
        
        Contain visible cytoplasmic
        
        neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
      - Agranulocytes
        
        do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules
        
        lymphocytes and monocytes
    - - Production of RBCs
        
        Hematopoiesis: formation of ALL blood cells; Erythropoiesis formation of RBCs
        
        occurs in red bone marrow
      - Regulation and Requirements of RBCs
        
        Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs
        
        released by kidneys in response to hypoxia
      - Function of RBCs
        
        RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport; hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
      - Structural Characteristics
        
        cell has biconcave disc, is nucleate, and essentially has no organelles
        
        small diameter of 7.5um
        
        filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
  - - - Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
      - Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
      - Delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
    - - Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
      - maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
      - Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
    - - preventing blood loss: plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
      - preventing infection: agents of immunity are carried in blood
        
        antibodies, complement proteins, and WBCs
- - - - atrial systole and distole are followed by ventricular systole and diastole
      - mechanical events follow electrial events seen on ECG
      - cycle represents series of pressure and blood volume change
- - - - ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
        
        Systolic Pressure
        
        Pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
        
        left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, imparting kinetic energy that stretches aorta
        
        Diastolic Pressure
        
        lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
      - VENOUS BLOOD PRESSURE
        
        Sympathetic Venoconstriction
        
        Under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward heart
        
        Changes little during cardiac cycle
        
        low pressure of venous side requires adaptations to help with venous return
        
        Respiratory Pump
        
        Pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
        
        Muscular Pump
        
        Contraction of skeletal muscle milks blood back toward heart; values prevent backflow
      - SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESURE
        
        Pumping action of heart generates blood flow
        
        systemic pressure is the highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway
- - - - Right Atrium
        
        Tricuspid valve
        
        Right Ventricle
        
        Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
        
        Pulmonary Trunk
        
        Oxygen-poor blood is carried in two pulmonary arteries to the lungs (pulmonary circuit) to be oxygenated
        
        1 more item...