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WEEK 2: HUMANS BODY SYSTEMS - Coggle Diagram
WEEK 2: HUMANS BODY SYSTEMS
Basic Functions
Nutrition
Response
Respiration
Movement
Excretion
Regulation
Circulation
Reproduction
Digestive System
Functions
Break down food into molecules the body can use.
Molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body.
Wastes are eliminated from the body.
Organs
Mouth
- mechanical and chemical digestion starts here
Mechanical
- physically breaking down food (teeth)
Chemical
- breakdown of molecules of food (saliva
Esophagus
- the muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
Stomach
- most mechanical digestion takes place. Some chemicals with the help of digestive juices (enzymes and acids)
Small intestine
- most of the chemical digestion takes place. Absorption of nutrients from digestive food into the bloodstream
Large intestine
- water is absorbed into the bloodstream. Remaining material is readied for elimination from the body
Rectum
- waste material is compressed into solid form
Integumentary System
Functions
covers and protects the body to prevent water loss and keep out foreign particles
keeps you in touch with the environment (nerve endings)
regulates body temperature
gets rid of wastes (sweat/perspiration)
Parts of the skin
Epidermis
: Outermost layer. No nerves or blood vessels. Surface is made of dead cells (provide protection)
Dermis
: Lower layer of the skin. Contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs and oil glands
Musculoskeletal System
Primary function:
Provide movement for the body
5 Major Properties
Excitable or Irritable:
capable of receiving stimulation and responding to stimulation from the nerves
Contractible:
capable of contracting or shortening
Extensible:
a mucle can be stretched without damage by the application of force
Elasticity:
a muscle is able to return to its original resting shape and length after being extended or contracted.
Adaptibility:
it can be changed in response to how it is used.
•
Hypertrophy
: Enlarging the muscle
•
Atrophy
: Wasting away of muscle
5 Types of Movement
Adduction
: moving a body part toward the mid-line of the body
Abduction
: moving a body part away from the body
Flexion
: bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or two body parts
Extension
: straightening and extending of the joint to increase the angle between two bones or body parts
Rotation
: involves moving a body part around an axis
3 Types of Muscles
Voluntary
Cardiac muscle
: These muscles form the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate the blood.
Viscelar/Smooth muscles
: Found in organs or organ systems such as the digestive or respiratory system.
Involuntary
Skeletal muscles
: Voluntary Muscles. Attach to the skeleton and provide the skeleton with the ability to move.
Supportive Structures
Tendons: attach a muscle to a bone
Fascia: Attach muscle to muscle
Tendons and Fascia work together with the muscles, which create the muscular system necessary for movement.
• Living things are made of cells.
• A group of similar cells having similar functions form tissues.
• A group of tissues forms an organ
•Several Organs working together form a system.
Skeletal System
Functions:
Provides shape and support
Helps you move
Protects organs
Skull: protects the brain
Ribs: protect the heart and lungs
Vertebrae: protects the spinal cord
Femur: produces blood cells in the leg
Humerus: produces blood cells in the arm
Produces blood cells
Stores certain materials
Bones
Cartilage: connective tissue that is more flexible than bone. Ex.: nose, tops of ears, end of bones
Ligaments: Hold bones together to form joints
Marrow: soft connective tissue found in spaces in bone
Red marrow: produces the body's blood cells
Yellow marrow: stores fat (energy reserve)
Excretory System
Function
: Collects wastes produced by cells and removes the wastes from the body.
Organs:
Kidneys
: eliminate urea, excess water, and some other waste materials; filter wastes from the blood; and produce urine
Anus
: removes solid wates from digestive system
Lungs
: remove carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration
Skin
: removes perspiration (dissolved waste materials
Respiratory System
Functions
Moves oxygen from the outside environment into the body
It also removes carbon dioxide and water from the body
Why the body needs oxygen
Respiratory system: oxygen for air
Digestive sytem: glucose from digestive food
Circulatory system: both oxygen and glucose are carried by blood to cells.
Body cells: In cells, glucose combines with oxygen to release energy
Circulatory System
Function
: carries needed substances to cells and carries wastes away frim cells
Heart
: hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Path of Blood Through the Heart
Blood enters the atria first. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
When the atria contract, blood is squeezed into the ventricles
While the atria relax, the ventricles contract and push blood out of the heart. Blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs. Blood from the left ventricle goes to the rest of the body.
Blood Vessels
Arteries
- carry blood away from the heart.
Capillaries
- exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.
Veins
- carry blood toward the heart.
Blood
: specialized body fluid.
Components
Plasma
: liquid component of blood.
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes):
take up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to cells.
White Blood Cells (leukocytes):
protect the body from infection.
Platelets (thrombocytes)
: cell fragments used in forming blood clots.
Nervous System
Functions
Receives information about what is happening inside and outside of the body.
Directs the way your body responds to this information
Helps maintain homeostasis.
Central Nervous System
Brain
: powerhouse of the body.
Cerebrum
: initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature.
Cerebellum
: responsible for muscle control, including balance and movement
Brainstem (medulla)
: controls involuntary actions
Spinal cord
: connected to the brain and runs the length of the body.
Peripheral Nervous System
Neurons
: transmits electrical signals and impulses for the creation of a response to the incoming stimulus.
Path of nerve impulse
sensory neuron > spinal cord > brain > spinal cord > motor neuron
Immune System
Function
Provides a barrier against pathogens
Defend the body against pathogens
1. First line of defense: barrier
Skin
: chemicals in oil and sweat; pathogens fall off with dead skin cells
Mucus and cilia
: trap and remove pathogens that enter the respiratory system
Sneezing and coughing
: force pathogens out of the body
Saliva
: destructive chemicals
2. Second line of defense: inflammatory response
phagocytes engulf and destroy the pathogen
3. Third line of defense: the immune system targets specific pathogens
B-cells
: type of lymphocyte that produces chemicals called antibodies to destroy each kind of pathogen
T-cells
: identify pathogens and tell them apart using the pathogen's antigens