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What is discourse analysis?
Written Discourse
The text emphasizes the significance of writing over oral communication, highlighting how authors reflect on the message before expressing it, ensuring coherence and adherence to grammatical rules.
Reflection
Cohesion
Understandable
Brief History
D.A Is a multidisciplinary field that emerged in the mid-20th century, drawing on insights from linguistics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and communication studies.
American tradition stresses ethnomethodological research methods in discourse analysis.
It focuses on understanding language use in context, considering cultural influences, making discourse analysis a multifaceted discipline.
Role in Language Education
Essential in second language learning and teaching within applied linguistics, discourse analysis provides valuable insights for effective language education strategies.
Engaging with discourse analysis encourages critical thinking skills
Learners analyze and interpret language use in different contexts, fostering a deeper understanding of language structures and functions.
: It fosters cultural awareness, enabling learners to navigate language nuances tied to cultural norms and societal expectations.
It helps learners understand how language functions in real-life communication, including nuances, context, and cultural influences.
Halliday's approach shapes British discourse analysis, emphasizing social functions.
Form and function
Form: structural analysis, sequential patterns, linguistic features, textual analysis, and multimodal analysis.
Investigates how language constructs social realities, identities, and power relationships in diverse cultural and social contexts.
Textual Analysis
Scrutinizes the coherence and structure of written or spoken texts, examining how ideas are connected and conveyed.
Understanding communication, social construction, pragmatic competence, cultural insights, applied linguistics, power and ideology, effective communication, educational strategies, analytical skills, and sociolinguistic competence.
Text and interpretation
Analyzing text requires recognizing markers like plural endings (-s, -es, -ies). McCarthy's procedural approach emphasizes readers' interpretive capacity over writers'.
Text analysis
Plurality markers
McCarthy's procedural approach
An analytical framework by McCarthy (2000) that prioritizes mental processes in interpretation, highlighting readers' understanding of text.
Reader's interpretive capacity
Emphasizes the role of the reader, rather than the writer, in interpreting text, focusing on comprehension and mental activities involved in understanding.
Conclusion :
That discourse analysis is a vast subject area within linguistics,encompassing as it does the analysis of spoken and writhing language over and above concerns such structure of the clause or sentences.
The basic language of language teaching as they are conventionally understood :the levels of language description
Lexis
Phonological
Grammar
Larger patterns in text
Clause-relation
Approach to text also concerns itself with larger patterns which regulary occur in texts
The smaller clause-relation were,and in the same way ,are often signaled by the same sorts of grammatical and lexical devices such as subordination and parallelis
The scope of discourse analysis
refers to
to the study of oral and written
Its objective is to
To understand the look and sound of natural
spoken
written
It deals with
description of the analysis
oral interaction
Discurse looks and sounds
Written
Spoken discourse: models of analysis
One of the most influential approaches in the study of spoken discourse.
The Birmingham model is a relatively simple model and is based on the study of speech acts.
Attempts to capture the broader structures
In conversation when segments are linked together coordinating devices tend to be used
We tend to speak in short stretches
Conversations outside the classroom
Explore real-world conversations through the Sinclair-Coulthard model, originally for classrooms, offering insights into patterns and functions in diverse settings.
Structured Conversations:
Even seemingly 'free' interactions reveal patterns, with speech-act labels crucial for diverse conversation styles.
Complexity of Requests:
Initiation-response-follow-up sequences highlight conversational equality, emphasizing the challenges learners face in navigating polite requests.
Form and Function Challenges:
Declarative forms posing questions underscore the nuanced nature of language use in real-world conversations, emphasizing the importance of context.
The adaptable Sinclair-Coulthard model enhances our understanding and teaching of language in diverse communicative contexts, beyond its classroom origins.
Talk as a social activity
Main Aspects
Predictability in Conventional Talk
Structured scenarios like teacher and doctor-patient talk allow for the predictable identification of roles and speech patterns.
Challenges for Exchange Structure Model
The Sinclair-Coulthard model faces complications in handling the intricacies of casual talk, where interruptions, self-answered questions, and simultaneous conversations arise.
Ethnomethodological Approach
Ethnomethodologists prioritize observing real behavior in managing discourse, exploring aspects such as adjacency pairs, turn-taking, and acts of politeness.
Free-flowing Conversation Dynamics
Outside the classroom, informal settings allow students to introduce new topics, with hesitancy signaling deference and individuals exercising turn-taking rights.
Implications for Language Teaching
Ethnomethodologists' findings, while not automatically applicable to language teaching, offer insights into real-world conversation dynamics that could inform language instruction methodologies, subject to further exploration.
Dominance and Direction of Talk
Despite informal dynamics, talk remains predominantly directed at the lecturer, prompting exploration into lingering perceptions of a 'dominant speaker' from the classroom.
