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(a new revolution in science, society challenges convention , Which…
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Literature
The brutality of World War I caused philosophers and writers to question accepted ideas about reason and progress.
Disillusioned by changes brought on by the war, many people also feared the future and expressed doubts about traditional religious beliefs.
Some writers and thinkers expressed their anxieties by creating disturbing visions of the present and the future, leaning more toward a modernist view of society. They became a part of new literary and artistic movements, such as modernism and expressionism.
In 1922, T. S. Eliot, an American poet living in England, wrote that Western society had lost its spiritual values. He described the postwar world as a barren “wasteland,” drained of hope and faith.
faith. In 1921, the Irish poet William Butler Yeats conveyed a sense of dark times ahead in the poem “The Second Coming”: “Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; / Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world.”
world, some thinkers turned to the philosophy known as existentialism. A major leader of this movement was the philosopher Jean Paul Sartre (SAHR•truh) of France.
In the 1880s, Nietzsche wrote that Western ideas such as reason, democracy, and progress had stifled people’s creativity and actions. Nietzsche urged a return to the ancient heroic values of pride, assertiveness, and strength.
He also championed nihilism, a philosophy that rejects moral principles and values and suggests that life is meaningless. His ideas attracted growing attention in the 20th cen- tury and had a great impact on politics in Italy and Germany in the 1920s and 1930s.
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