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Alayna Dixon Period 3 Anatomy and Physiology Cardiovascular System -…
Alayna Dixon Period 3 Anatomy and Physiology
Cardiovascular System
Major components and functions of Blood
RBC
Biconcave disks are this shape makes the RBCs flexible as they travel through blood vessels, puts oxygen in close proximity to the hemoglobin, and increases surface area for gas exchange
Hemoglobin transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide through the blood
When oxygen combines with hemoglobin, it forms oxyhemoglobin, which
gives blood its bright red color
When oxygen is released, deoxyhemoglobin is darker in red color
WBC
Neutrophils comprise 50 to 70% of leukocytes; strong
phagocytes
Eosinophils make up 1 to 3% of circulating leukocytes; kill certain
parasites and moderate inflammation
Granulocytes Have granular cytoplasm, short life-span (about 12 hour)
Basophils account for <1% of leukocytes; promote inflammation
by secreting heparin and histamine
ABO, Rh blood types
Type A
has A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B
antibodies in the plasma
Type B
has B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A
antibodies in the plasma
Type AB
has both A and B antigens on RBC membranes, but
neither type of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient
Type O
has neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both
types of antibodies in the plasma; universal donor
Rh /Rh-
If the Rh factor (antigen D) is present on a person’s red blood cells,
the blood is Rh positive; if absent, the blood is Rh negative
Major functions of the cardiovascular system:a closed circuit that consists of the heart
and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins)
Capillaries
Smallest type of blood vessel
heart
The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump within the
mediastinum in the thoracic cavity
Veins
Bring blood back from the heart deoxygenated
Arteries
Arteries supply blood to the whole body away from the heart
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Left Ventricle
Right ventricle
Bicuspid Valve
Left Atrium
Aortic semilunar valve
Right Atrium
Layers of the heart
Visceral Pericardium
the outermost layer; a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelium; decreases friction in the heart
Myocardium
the middle layer; consists of cardiac muscle, and is the thickest layer of the heart wall; pumps blood out of heart chambers
Endocardium
the inner layer; made up of connective tissue and epithelium; continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart; contains the Purkinje fibers (part of the cardiac conduction system)
blood flow through the heart and body
Oxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood flow is only on the left side of the heart entering from the pulmonary veins from the lungs. The oxygenated blood from the lungs goes into the left atrium then the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta then it is distributed throughout the whole body coming back to the heart deoxygenated
deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood comes from the body and only stays on the right side of your heart ending in the pulmonary artery where there is a gas exchange between the lungs giving oxygen and the pulmonary artery giving carbon dioxide. deoxygenated blood enters the superior/inferior vena cava got to the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries.
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Veins
Veins bring blood back to the heart
Capillaries
Blood vessels with the smallest diameter
Arteries
Arteries travel away from the heart
Cardiac cycle and ECG
T wave
Corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to
ventricular relaxation
QRS complex
Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of the ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex, but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event
P wave
The first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of
the atria; this leads to the contraction of the atria
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Arteries
Ascending aorta
Aortic Arch
Thoracic Aorta
Abdominal aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk
Common Carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Axillary Artery
Brachial artery
Radial Artery
Ulnar Artery
Common iliac artery
Femoral artery
Anterior Tibial Artery
Fibular artery
Veins
Cephalic Vein
basilic veins
Radial veins
Ulnar veins
Brachial vein
Brachial vein
axillary vein
subclavian vein
Brachiocephalic vein
superior vena cava
internal jugular vein
external jugular vein
femoral vein
great saphenous vein
External iliac vein
internal iliac vein
Common iliac vein
Inferior vena cava
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (BP) moves blood through lumen of arteries and
arterioles. The term "blood pressure" usually refers to systemic arterial
pressure
Pulse
The alternating expansion and recoil of the wall of an artery as the ventricles contract and relax can be felt at certain points in the body as a pulse
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
blood flow to the portion of the brain is interrupted. Blood clotting to the brain, clogged arteries and aneurysm are causes/risk factors. Severe headache, change in alertness, and change in senses are symptoms. treatment options include, thrombolytics, blood thinners and surgical intervention
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart. Virus, bacterial or fungal infection, allergic reaction to medication, and rheumatoid arthritis are causes/risk factors. Heart palpitations, chest pain and fatigue are the symptoms. Antibiotics, medications and diuretics are treatment options
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities. Atherosclerosis, blood vessel inflammation, and weak pulse are causes/risk factors. Leg and arm pain. intermittent claudication and skin color chance are symptoms. Treatment options include, medication, lifestyle change, arterial angioplasty.
Congenital Heart Disease
Issue with heart structure and or function present since birth. Tetralogy or fallot, tricuspid atresia and ebsteins anomaly are all causes and risk factors. Dependanton condition, cyanosis common or may be asymptomatic. Medications, surgical intervention , and some may heal on their own.
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. Blood clot, plaque in coronary artery and high blood pressure are causes/risk factors. Chest pain, pain radiating to arms, jaw and abdomen as well as dizziness are symptoms. Treatment options include nitroglycerin, thrombolytic and angioplasty.
