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Management of sesmic hazards - Coggle Diagram
Management of sesmic hazards
What is the definition of long-term responses?
Long-term responses to earthquakes are measures taken to reduce the impacts of future earthquakes
Examples of long-term responses
Building codes - creating a set of building codes to increase the resilience of buildings to eathquakes
Education and training - preparing communities to improve evacuation and response through regular drills e.g Japan’s Disaster Prevention Day held each year on 1st September 1st
Early warning systems - early warning systems can be implemented to give people time to take precautions e.g. slowing trains, switching of gas supply
Hazard mapping and land-use zoning - identify areas at most risk of liquefaction or tsunamis and limiting the activities that can take place there
What is the definition of short term responses?
Short-term responses usually happen immediately before, during or after an earthquake
What are some examples of short-term responses?
Search and rescue - using sniffer dogs and heat senors to locate survivors and resuce them
Emergency aid - providing food, water, medical aid to affected communities
Evacuation - moving people out of the danger zone when a tsunami warning has been issued - this isnt possible before an earthquake as there is not enough warning
Issue warning - a warning can be sent via text, TV and radio as soon as an earthquake happens underground, but before the seismic waves reach the surface - this gives enough time to take extra precautions e.g. take cover under a table
However, this does depend upon the economic development in the areas affected by a seismic hazard as in less developed countries there may not be a warning system implemented due to the cost
Responses can also be categorised as prevention, perpardeness, mitigation and adaptation
What is prevention?
It is impossible to prevent earthquakes
What is an example?
Land-use zoning help to prevent building vunerable areas - In Christchurch after the 2010 earthquake 6000 hecteres were declared a red zone and left as parkland
What is preparedness?
Ensures that people are ready to repsond
What is an example?
Monitioring and warning systems to send out warning systems to send out warnings and education programmes. Japan has an Earthquake Early Warning System (EEW)
What is mitigation?
aims to reduce the threat by altering the environment
Tsunami walls - Since the 2011 earthquake and tsunami Japan has built over 400km of tsunami wall
Earthquake resistant buildings using cross-bracing, shutters on windows etc... to reduce the chances of collapse
what is adaptation?
Changes in behaviour to reduce the risk
Emergency kits which are kept to hand with contents to help with evacuation and survial
Evacuation routes and trained emergency services
Case study - Gorka earthquake, Nepal
Short-term responses included:
Search and rescue teams from around the world including USA, China and India resuced 8000 people
Donations of money and aid from around the world totalled $3 billion including $3.3 million from China and $51 million from the UK
Many countries sent aid in the form of: Tempory shelter - Medicines - Food - Water - Clothing etc
90% of the Nepalese army were mobilised (around 10,000 troops) to help with the search and resuce and distribution of aid
Tent cities were set up by organisations such as Oxfam and Save the Children providing shelter for homless
GIS crisis mapping tool was used to co-ordinate the reponse
$3 million was grant was provided by the Asian Development Bank for emergency relief
Long-term responses included:
The United Nations worked with the Nepalese government to improve resilience and plan for future earthquake events
Landslides were cleared and roads repaired to restore access to remote rural communities
7000 schools re-built
Earthquake drills were introduced to provide people with education about what to do in the event of an earthquake
Stricter building codes with more enfrocement
$200 million was provided by the Asian Development Bank for re-building