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Skeletal + Muscular systems - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal + Muscular systems
Functions of the skeleton
support - holds the Boyd upright, support muscles + organs
Protection - vital organs protected by bone (e.g. cranium for brain, ribs for lungs)
movement - bones provide levers for muscles to pull on, joints enable mobility
blood cell production - red bone marrow in long bones e.g. femur produces red + white blood cells
mineral storage - stores calcium + phosphorus, essential for bone strength + function
attachment points - provides sites where tendons attach muscles to bones for movement
types of bones
Long bones - e.g. femur, humerus - used for movement, act as levers, contain marrow
Short bones - e.g. carpals, tarsals - small, cube-shaped, absorb shock, allow small movement
Flat bones - e.g. cranium, sternum, pelvis - thin, flat, protect organs, broad surface for muscle
Irregular bones - e.g. vertebrae - complex shape for protection + support
Sesamoid bones - e.g. patella - found in tendons, reduce friction, improve joint efficiency
Structure of the skeletal system
Axial skeleton - central core of the body - skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton - limbs + girdles (pelvic + pectoral) - involved in movement
Types of synovial joints
Hinge - e.g. elbow, ankle, knee - flexion, extension (sagittal plane only)
Ball + socket - e.g. shoulder, hip - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Condyloid - e.g. wrist - flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
Pivot - e.g. neck - rotation e.g. turning head
Gliding - e.g. between vertebrae - small gliding motions
Saddle - e.g. base of thumb - same as condyloid but with greater range
Structures of a synovial joint
Articular cartilage - smooth cartilage at ends of bones - prevents friction + absorbs shock
Synovial membrane - inner lining of joint capsule - produces synovial fluid
Synovial fluid - viscous fluid in joint cavity - lubricates joint, nourishes cartilage
Joint capsule - fibrous tissue enclosing joint - provides stability + protection
Ligament - connects bone to bone - limits excessive movement, stabilise
Bursa - small squid-filled sac between tendon + bone - reduces friction
Tendon - connects muscle to bone - transmits force to move bones
Planes of movement
Sagittal - divided to left + right halves of body e.g. flexion + extension
Frontal - divided to front + back halves of body e.g. abduction + adduction
Transverse - divided from top + bottom halves e.g. rotation, horizontal flexion/ extension
Movement terminology
Sagittal plane movements:
Flexion - decreasing joint angle e.g. bending elbow
Extension - increasing joint angle e.g. straightening knee
Dorsiflexion - toes up e.g. preparing to jump
Plantarflexion - toes point down e.g. pushing off ground
Frontal plane movements:
Abduction - movement away from the midline e.g. raising arms sideways
Adduction - movement towards midline e.g. lowering arms to side
Transverse plane movements :
Horizontal flexion - limb moves forward and across body e.g. chest pass
Horizontal extension - limb moves backward + away e.g. backswing in tennis
Rotation - movement around the longitudinal axis e.g. pivoting in basketball
Joint movement summary
Shoulder:
type - ball + socket
Movement - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
planes - all
Elbow:
type - hinge
movement - flexion, extension
plane - sagittal
Wrist:
type - condyloid
movement - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
planes - sagittal + frontal
Hip:
type - ball + socket
movement - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
plane - all
Knee:
type - hinge
movement - flexion, extension
plane - sagittal
Ankle:
type - hinge
movement - dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
plane - sagittal