Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
BLADDER CANCER - Coggle Diagram
BLADDER CANCER
Definition
type of cancer that begins in the tissues of the bladder. 3 types: urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma.
Clinical features
-
-
changes in urination habits: urgency, frequency, nocturia
systemic signs: fatigue, fever, weight loss
-
-
Pathogenesis
Carcinogen Exposure: tobacco smoke, industrial chemicals, and drugs like cyclophosphamide are excreted in urine, directly exposing the bladder epithelium. This chronic exposure causes repeated cellular injury and DNA damage.
DNA Damage & Mutations: Prolonged exposure leads to mutations in key genes, including oncogenes (e.g., FGFR3, HRAS) and tumor suppressor genes (e.g., TP53, RB1), disrupting normal cell cycle regulation.
-
Invasion & Metastasis: tumor cells invade the basement membrane and detrusor muscle. From there, they can spread via lymphatics or blood to nearby lymph nodes and distant organs like lungs, liver, and bones.
-
-
Examination findings
-
-
pallor, cachexia, lymphadenopathy
-
firm, irregular bladder mass on bimanual palpation
-
Risk factors
-
-
-
-
demographic factors: age, male, family history