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Attachment AO1 - Coggle Diagram
Attachment AO1
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The role of the father
key:
- fathers can be primary or secondary attachment figures
- primary caregivers respond sensitively (like mother)
Distinctive role:
- fathers may be more playful/stimulating than nurturing
- Grossman - quality of play related to later attachment, not emotional closeness
Primary attachment:
- Field - fathers can be nurturing - important factors is the level of responsiveness
Heteronormativity:
- traditional views assume mother is primary - is outdated
- no evidence same-gender parenting harms development
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Romanian orphan studies
Rutter's ERA study:
- studied 165 Romanian orphans adopted in UK
- compared those adopted before 6 months vs after 6 months
- assessed physical, cognitive + emotional development
Findings:
- adopted before 6 months - often caught up
- adopted after 6 months - showed disinhibited attachment (over-friendly to strangers), and cognitive delays
Zeanah et al (Bucharest early intervention project:
- compared institutionalised children to control group
- 74% of institutionalised had disorganised attachment
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Animal studies
Lorenz (1935):
- imprinting - geese attach to the first moving object they see
- critical period for imprinting
- irreversible + affects later mate preferences
Harlow (1958):
- monkeys preferred cloth mothers over wire mother with food
- contact comfort more important than food for attachment
- maternal deprivation - monkeys raised without real mothers became aggressive, antisocial
- early deprivation leads to irreversible damage
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cultural variations
- study:
- meta analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries
- looked at attachment types using the strange situation
- Key findings:
- secure most common across all cultures
- avoidant - more common in Germany (individualist culture)
- Resistant - more common in Japan and Israel (collectivist, less separation)