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Memory AO1 - Coggle Diagram
Memory AO1
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Coding, Capacity + Duration
- STM:
- limited capacity ( 7 +/- 2 items)
- duration - 18-20 seconds
- coding- acoustically
- LTM:
- unlimited capacity
- unlimited duration
- coded - semantically
- coding- format info is stored in
- capacity - amount of info stored
- duration - length of time info is stored
- Research:
- Baddeley - STM uses acoustic coding, LTM uses semantic
- Jacobs - STM digit span 7+/- 2 items
- Miller - chunking increases capacity
- Peterson + Peterson - STM lasts 18 seconds with our rehearsal
- Barrack - LTM can last a lifetime (up to 48 years for high school recall)
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Multi Store Model (MSM)
Key features:
- describes how info flows through memory:
- sensory register - briefly holds incoming stimuli e.g. visual, auditory
- STM - holds info for 18-30 seconds, limited capacity
- LTM - permanent store, info transferred via rehearsal
Processes:
- attention - needed to transfer info from sensory register to STM
- rehearsal - transfers info from STM to LTM
- retrieval - getting info from LTM back into STM
Supporting case study:
- HM, after hippocampus removal, STM was intact but LTM impaired - support for separate memory stores
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Eyewitness testimony
Misleading information
- Leading questions: - Loftus + Palmer (1974) - watched car crash clips -> asked how fast cars were going using diff verbs
- 'smashed' -> higher speed estimates and false memories (e.g. broken glass)
- Post-event discussion:
- Gabbert et al showed diff angles of a crime to pairs -> allowed to discuss
- 71% recalled info they hadn't seen (memory conformity)
Anxiety
- Negative effects (weapon focus):
- Johnson + Scott (1976):
- low anxiety - man with pen
- high anxiety - man with knife (bloody)
- high anxiety group had lower recall of face (tunnel vision)
- Positive effects:
- Yuille + Cutshall (1986):
- real robbery, high stress witnesses had more accurate recall months later
- anxiety improved memory
- Yerkes-Dodson law: Inverted U-curve, moderate anxiety improves performance, but to much hurts it