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Psychopathology AO1 - Coggle Diagram
Psychopathology AO1
OCD
- DSM-5: - OCD is an anxiety disorder involving:
- Obsessions - intrusive, repetitive, unwanted thouhgts, images of urges
- Compulsions - repetitive behaviours or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety
- Behavioural characteristics:
- Compulsions are repetitive- e.g. hand washing, carried in ritualistic way
- Compulsions reduce anxiety - preformed in response to obsessive thoughts e.g. washing hands
- Avoidance - individuals avoid triggers, can limit daily funcioning
- Emotional characteristics of OCD:
- anxiety + distress - obsessions are unpleasant + frightening
- depression - low mood + lack of enjoyment in activities
- Guilt + disgust - irrational guilt
- Cognitive characteristics:
- Obsessive thoughts - intrusive thoughts
- Cognitive coping strategies - may interfere with everyday functioning
- Awareness + irrationality - suffered know their obsessions/compulsions are excessive
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Depression
DSM-5 Types:
- major depressive disorder - severe but short term
- persistent depressive disorder - long term
- disruptive mood dysregulation disorder - children with temper outbursts
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder - mood changes before menstruation
Characteristics
- Behavioural:
- activity level changes: lethargy or agitation
- disruption to sleep/eating - insomnia or hypersomina, increased/decreased appetite
- aggression/self harm - verbal or physical outbursts, self-injury
- Emotional:
- lowered mood - persistent sadness,hoplessness
- anger - can be directed inward (self-hate) or outward
-low self-esteem - feeling worthless or unloved
- Cognitive:
- poor concentration- difficulty making decisions
- dwelling on negatives - bias towards negative aspects/events
- absolutist thinking - 'black and white' thoughts e.g. if I fail once, I am a total failure'
Criteria for major depressive disorder:
- must have at least 5 for 2 weeks
- depressed mood
- loss of interest/pleasure
- weight/appetite changes
- sleep disturbance
- fatigue/loss of energy
- feelings of guilt
- suicidal thoughts
- poor concentration
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Phobias
- According to DSM-5:
- specific phobia - e.g. fear of animals or objects
- social anxiety (social phobia) - fear of social situations
- agoraphobia - fear of open or public spaces
Characteristics:
- Behavioural:
- Panic - screaming, crying, freezing
- Avoidance - going out of the way to avoid the feared object/situation
- Endurance - remaining in the situation with high anxiety
- Emotional:
- anxiety - high arousal that prevents relaxation
- unreasonable emotional responses - overreaction compared to actual danger
- disproportionate fear - e.g. intense fear of harmless things like buttons
- Cognitive:
- selective attention - constantly alert to the phobic stimulus
- irrational beliefs - e.g. if I blush people will think i'm stupid
- cognitive distortions - perceiving objects/situations as more dangerous than they are
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Treatments
- Systematic desensitisation (SD) - Wolpe:
- based on counterbalancing
- replace fear response with relaxation
Steps:
- Anxiety hierarchy - ranked list of feared situations e.g. seeing a photo of spider -> holder spider
- Relaxation training - deep breathing, meditation, visualisation
- Gradual exposure - move through hierarchy while remaining relaxed
- reciprocal inhibition - fear + relaxation cannot coexist
- successful - especially for specific phobias
- Flooding:
- immediate and prolonged exposure to phobic stimulus
- prevents avoidance, forces individual to face fear until anxiety diminishes
- extinction occurs - CS no longer produces CR
- can be traumatic - informed consent is essential