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UNIT 8: ECOLOGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A signal is a behavior that causes change in another animal's behavior
    - - A prime example of a chemical signal would be a pheromone
  - - - “how”
        
        Environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior
    - - “why”
        
        Evolutionary significance of a behavior
  - - - Under strong genetic influence
      - Developmentally fixed
        
        Fixed action pattern
      - Does not vary
        among individuals
      - Behavioral rhythms
        
        Circadian rythym
        
        Daily cycle of rest & activity
    - - Associative learning
        
        Using a combination of unconditioned stimulus and a set result
      - Imprinting
        
        Occurs early in life, irreversible once learned
        
        Has a sensitive period where certain behaviours can be learned through imprinting
      - Spatial learning
        
        Some wasps only recognise where the space of the nest is, not where the nest itself is.
        
        Memory of spatial structure
      - Cognition and problem solving
        
        Cognition
        
        Process of knowing that may involve logic and reasoning
        
        Problem solving
        
        Processing of coming up with a solution
      - Social learning
        
        Learnt through observing the behaviour of others
      - Culture
        
        Sytem of information transfer through observing teaching that influence individual
  - - - Random movement
    - - Purposeful movement
    - - Can often be trigged by environmental cues
        
        Animals orient themselves by the position of the sun & stars, or by Earth's magnetic field.
  - - - Sexual dismorphism
        
        Intersexual selection
        
        members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits
        
        Intrasexual selection
        
        competition between members of the same sex for mates
      - Mating system
        
        Monogamy
        
        One male one female
        
        Polygyny
        
        One male many females
        
        Polyandry
        
        One female many males
      - Mating behaviour
    - - Selflessness
      - Examples
        
        Naked mole rat
        
        Some nonreproductive individuals may sacrifice themselves for the reproductive queen and kings from predators
        
        Belding’s ground squirrels
        
        They make an alarm call to warn others, even though calling will increase chances of death.
      - Inclusive fitness
        
        total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring
      - Kin selection hypothesis
        
        altruistic behaviour by taking into account the effect of a behaviour on the fitness of both the individual and their close relatives
      - Agonistic behaviours
        
        Form groups for reproductive success