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UNIT I: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE, Cohesion - Coggle Diagram
UNIT I: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Elements
All matter is made up of elements
Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by
chemical means
Essential Elements of Life
96% of mass is made of:
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Other elements
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Sodium (Na)
Chlorine (Cl)
Magnesium (Mg)
Water
Water is a versatile solvent due to its polarity, which allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily.
Hydrogen bonds
Weak attractions that result of water’s polarity
Weak individually, but strong on a larger scale
Positive end of another polar molecule attracted to oxygen negative charge, vice versa.
Surface tension
Results from cohesion of water molecules
High heat capacity
High resistance to temperature changes
Keeps ocean temperature stable
Allows oceanic lifeforms to maintain body temperature
Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break
Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form
Versatility as a solvent
Polarity of water allows it to be a versatile solvent
Hydrophobic substances do not dissolve in water, but hydrophilic ones will
Ionic compound dissolved in water will be surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a HYDRATION SHELL
Particles
Atom
Smallest unit of an element
Building blocks of physical world
Electrons
Negatively charged
Spin around nucleus
Very small; effectively massless
Electron’s state of potential energy is called its energy level, or electron shell
Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell, or valence shell
Valence shell most important
Atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons with other atoms
Mass Number= protons+neutrons
Compounds
Compound occurs as result of 2 or more individual elements combining in a fixed ratio
Chemical bonds
Ionic bonds
One atom loses electrons while the other gains electrons
Cation has a positive charge
Anion has a negative charge
Covelent bonds
Electrons are shared between atoms
Nonpolar covalent bond- electrons are shared equally
Polar covalent bond- electrons are shared unequally
Single, double, on and on- they're based on how many pairs are shared
Hydrogen bonds
See above.
Organic molecules
Organic compounds
CONTAINS CARBON
It is very versatile, as it can form four bonds.
Hydrocarbons
Can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy
Functional groups
Compounds that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
Hydroxyl -OH
Polar due to negative oxygen, helps dissolve compounds like sugars
Carbonyl >C=O
Carboxyl -COOH
Acts like an acid because the the covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen is so polar
Amino -NH2
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Monosaccharides
Most common are glucose and fructose
6 carbon-sugars
Disaccharides
Formed by dehydration synthesis
Hydrogen (-H) from one sugar combines with hydroxyl group (-OH) of another sugar molecule to create water as byproduct
Break by hydrolysis
add water 2 break
Polysaccharides
Most common are starch, cellulose, and glycogen
Mainly used to store sugar
Proteins
20 kinds of naturally occurring amino acids
Structure contains
Amino group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Hydrogen
R group (side chain)
Interchangeable
Vary in composition, polarity, charge, shape depending on the side chain
Polypeptide
The combination of one or more amino acid
Formed by dehydration synthesis
Twisting and folding will result in a 3D shape- a protein.
Protein structure
Primary structure
Linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure
Peptide bonds between carboxyl groups and amino groups
Shape depends on R-group
Tertiary structure
Can be both alpha and beta helix/sheets within structure
Many different bonds between side chains
Quaternary structure
Several different polypeptide chains sometimes interact with each other
Bonds between polypeptides
Lipids
(i ran out of space)
No polymers
mainly homophobic- i mean hydrophobic
Triglycerides
Glycerol molecule+3 fatty acid chains attached
Tis a common example.
Fatty acid chain
long chain of carbons
covered with hydrogen
ends has a carboxyl group (-COOH)
Saturated fatty acid
No double bond
Usually solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fatty acid
Double bond along carbon chain, causing a KINK
my bad chat
Phospholipid
yall know what this is.
BILAAYYYERRRR
bleugh
Steroids
Heh.
Inorganic compounds
Does not contain carbon
Cohesion
Cohesion + Adhesion = capillary action
Adhesion
Tendency of water to stick to other substances
Important during transpiration
water evaporates
pulls other water molecules with it
pulling all the way down from leaves to roots
Tendency for water to stick to water
