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H7 consolidation of Power - Coggle Diagram
H7 consolidation of Power
Threats to Throne
Lovell and Stafford
Lovell key supporter of Richard 3rd
Lovell Tried to raise a rebellion in Richard's heartland of support in North Ridings of Yorkshire. Whilst simultaneously Stafford tried to raise forces against Henry from the Midlands another Yorkist area
Lovell escaped King's forces. Stafford Captured and executed although his young brother and accomplice was pardoned
Significance - Little enthusiasm there was at this stage for a Yorkist rebellions in their traditional heartland. With it being easily suppressed
Lambert Simnel and Earl of Lincoln
Simnel pretended to be Earl of Warwick (Who was imprisoned by Henry) who was crowned as King Edward in Ireland May 1487. Needed a Yorkist figurehead and Prince to get the financial support significant to start a military operation. Conspiracy pit together by John De la Pole (Earl of Lincoln)
In response to this hoax Henry exhibited the real Earl of Warwick in London for everyone to see
Lincoln subsequently fled Henry7's court and joined the court of Margret of Burgundy in the Netherlands with Lovell. They persuaded Margret to support Simnel and to pay for an invasion in England. She sent money and a force of 2000 German mercenaries
Rebels landed in the North ridings of Yorkshire but did not Commit but Henry had plenty of notice about the conspiracy, he reinstated the Earl of Northumberland (Who had supported Richard) in the north to neutralize the old power base and ensure the Traditional Yorkist Howard family would not join the conspiracy
BATTLE OF STOKE 1487 --> Henry gathered a group of advisors in the south and midlands. The 2 armies met at east stoke in Nottinghamshire. Henry army was led by the Earl of Oxford and they managed to kill the Earl of Lincoln leading to Henry to victory
Was a SIGNFICANT win and brought an end to the war of the rosses. Henry position was safer and he had support from key supporters and landowners. These people revied bonds of good behavior to ensure land-owners were well-behaved
Lincoln's 8000 men faced a royal army of some 12,000 strong.
The Yorkist forces were decisively defeated.
Perkin Warbeck Imposter
Warbeck claimed to be Richard Duke of York. Attracted patronage from foreign rulers, transforming him into a potentially serious threat
in 1491 Warbeck began to impersonate Richard in Ireland. He went to France but was forced to flee and went to the court of Margret of Burgundy and was trained to be a Yorkist Prince
In 1495 Warbeck attempted to land in England but his regime was infiltrated so Henry was warned and quickly defeated Warbeck so he Fled to James IV of Scotland. Made Henry vulnerable as one of the conspirators was the head of the royal household - Sir William Stanley
1496 a small Scottish force tried to cross the border for Warbeck but quickly retreated and Warbeck's interests in Scotland were sacrificed with the marriage of Herny and Margaret.
1947 Warbeck tried to exploit weakness created by the Cornish Rebellion but his forces were defeated Warbeck surrendered to the king. Henry initially allowed him to stay at court (Calculated mercy) but confined him to the tower and he tried to abscond and finally executed him after allegedly trying to escape with the earl of Warwick
The EARL OF WARWICK - potentially the most obvious Yorkist claimant but was only 10 at the time of the battle of Bosworth. Spent most of his life in confinement and eventually executed with Perkin Warbeck in 1499
EDMOUND DE LA POLE, EARL OF SUFFOLK and RICHARD DE LA POLE
Younger brothers of the Earl of Lincoln. Suffolk fled to Flanders in 1498 - returned then fled to Emperor Maximilian in 1501. As long as Margret of Burgundy was opposed to Henry Suffolk was safe. The treaty of Windsor in 1506 restored relations and Maximilian gave up Suffolk who was then imprisoned. Richard was in exile the whole time but then killed in battle in 1525
Immediate Consolidation
Dated reign to August 21 so any Yorkist fighting at Bosworth were labelled traitors
Publicly rewarded his supporters e.g. Granted 11 Knighthoods --> Securing loyalty, authority and respect
Detained the Earl of Warwick (Edward IV's nephew) as he had a greater claim to the throne
Made key appointments to the household and council e.g. Sir Reginald Bray as Councilor, Duchy of Lancaster as Sir William Stanley as Chamberlain of the household
Made his coronation October 30th before 1st Parliment (7th Nov) so his throne was seen as a hereditary right not because parliment allowed it
January 1486 married Elizbeth of York ( Edward IV's daughter) so united houses of York and Lancaster but did this after other consolidations so the throne was his not because of his wife
September 1486 Prince Arthur born creating a new heir to the throne whilst also uniting the houses even more as Arthur had both houses heritage
Why he had to
Became King 22nd August 1485 after defeating Richard 3rd at the Battle of Bosworth
Henry's claim to the throne was very weak as he descended from a female line from his mother lady Margret Beaufort and the line came from John of Gaunt's 3rd Wife, their child John Beaufort was born out of Wedlock and was therefore ilegitiamte
This meant that Henry's position as king was very insecure and needed consolidation
Control of Nobility
Threats
Acts of Attainder - forfeiting money and land and titles.
Bonds and recognisances - written agreements for promises of good behaviour, with a financial penalty if broken and a formal acknowledgement of a debt or obligation, which pre-existed and the promise of money if the obligation was not met.
Feudal dues - making the nobility pay for wardships / marriages / livery /escheats / relief.
Retaining - where nobles retain or recruit gentry to support them – H7 wanted this limited and punished those who excessively retained.
Rewards
The order of the Garter
Offices such as the Chancellor of the Exchequer to Thomas Lovell
Patronage
Positions on the King's Council and Great Council
Crown lands - Henry did not hand out Crown lands in order to maximize crown revenue