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Evolution - Coggle Diagram
Evolution
Explanations
Essentialism/typology
The belief that every organism has a specific set of characteristics that are necessary to its identity
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Uniformitarianism
Forces and processes we see shaping today must be the same that have shaped landscape through history
Compte de Buffon
Chain of species then network of interconnected organisms. "Humans are animals" (not excepted) (question social context)
Erasmus Darwin
mechanism for adapting and changes idea of the environment shaped organisms evolution. Strongest males survive. Competition or choice amongst females.
Jean Baptiste
mechanism: worked with invertebrates, evidence of linkage between species
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Charles Darwin
Figured out that island habitat resembled the main lands but the species were different. Species looked similar to close main land.
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Sexual Selection
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Sexual Reproduction
responds better to changing environmental conditions including both abiotic (environmental) conditions and biotic components (predators, parasites, prey and competitors)
Males
Good fertilizers, often produce huge number of gametes, number of offspring determined but the number of females he can secure
Females
Good development, produce few gametes but allocate more energy to each, number of offspring pre-determined by number of young she can produce.
Females have the higher degree of investment compared to males… Females should therefore be the much pickier of the sexes with regard mate quality. This leads to intense competition between males to secure access to the female… This is the basis for “sexual selection”
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Kin Selection
ex: prairie dogs call for rest of group but higher risk of dying. But this trait is important for survival of group. But the one that makes the call will only call for their relatives. (helping your own genes by helping your kin)
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Evidence for evolution
Selective Breeding
Example: pigeons, dog breeds, vegetable varieties, fox experiment
We understand embryology
Hints of phylogeny
The idea that embryonic development mirrors the evolutionary history of an organism's ancestors (phylogeny)
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Restricted Development
limit the range of possible evolutionary trajectories by influencing which traits can be modified and how readily they can be changed
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Exaptation
a situation where a trait has evolved for one purpose subsequently evolves to serve a completely different function
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Biogeography
Distribution of species and ecosystems across geographic space and through geological time. Continents have been moving. Same ecological role but unrelated species
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Hoxgenes
master control genes, organize other genes to create parts of bodies
flies and mouse and humans have same hoxgenes. If put genes on each other, legs could grow where eye is located.
Homology
The presence of fundamental similarities of structures or genes, in different species based on common descent
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Other forces for change
Gene Flow
the movement of genes in a species from population to population
Allele variation between geographic barrier
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Genetic Drift
The occurrence of changes in gene frequency brought about not by selection but by chance. It occurs especially in small populations.
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Founder Effect
The effect on the resulting gene pool that occurs when a new isolated population is founded by a small number of individuals possessing limited genetic variation relative to the larger population from which they have migrated
Bottleneck effect
A large and healthy population undergoes a drastic reduction in numbers, thereby greatly reducing the genetic diversity of the recovering population
Antibiotic Resistance
some bacteria give their drug-resistance to other bacteria causing more problems. Antibiotics kill bacteria that kill the illness but also good bacteria protecting the body.
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Post-Darwin explanations
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orthogenesis
theory that variations in evolution follow a particular direction and are not merely sporadic and fortuitous.
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Mutationism
mutations are the primary driving force of evolutionary change, rather than gradual, continuous variation
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