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(Impacts of globalisation, Migration, Global culture) - Coggle Diagram
Impacts of globalisation
the global shift
- late 20th century, global economic centre of gravity began to move towards Asia, as manufacturing moved from Europe and the USA to Asia
- Asia's share of global GDP has risen since 1990s + predicted to increase further into 21st century
- FDI - indicator of economic change - Asia now has highest in the world
After WWII:
- Asian countries develop their manufacturing industries to grow economies
Since 1960s:
- Japan + 'Asian tigers', achieve high levels of economic growth by rapidly developing their industrial sector, producing exports for the global market
Since 2000s:
- Asian companies are highly competitive in the global hi-tech sector
China:
- large pop = high number of workers are available, many moved from rural to urban areas to work in manufacturing centres
- During 2000s conditions improved slightly + better wages = improved standard of living for many
- since 2010s quantities of higher value products have increased
- Chinese tech companies have developed products for the global market + bought into social media businesses
- as wages increase some companies seeking manufacturing bases in other economies in Southern Asia with lower wages
- since 1990, GDP growth averaged around 9% per year - higher than rest of world (china)
Outsourcing of services
- TNCs operate + grow international markets, need different services to support activities
- to reduce labour costs, TNCs set up operations in emerging economies
Growing Inequalites
- global shift created growing inequalities
- rise of TNCs in India tended to polarise growth in urban areas with some rural regions being disadvantaged
- increasing rates of poverty + low incomes in agriculture led to farmers in rural India protesting in early 2020s
- those in lower incomes in rural areas may find difficult to access health + education, creating cycle of poverty + increasing inequality between regions
- access to tech may cause 'digital divide'
Environmental impacts
- Air and water pollution:
- high CO2 emissions due to manufacturing, poorer air quality
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- Land degredation:
- growing manufacturing hubs + urban development to house increased workforce, lead to deforestation + loss of productive agricultural land
- land quality reduced through release of toxic chemicals + dumping of waste products in manufacturing process
- land on urban periphery used by homeless migrant employees for informal housing settlements
- Over-exploitation of resources:
- increased demand for resources e.g. energy, water + minerals, leads countries to import resources
- Loss of biodiversity:
- loss of habitats reduce species + disrupt balance of fragile ecosystems
- complex food chains can be disrupted, leading to collapse of species' populations
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