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Biosystematics, Species Concept - Coggle Diagram
Biosystematics
Definition
Pembelajaran mengenai diversitas dan hubungan evolusioner antar spesies
Key Concepts
Evolutionary Relationships/Phylogenetic Trees
DNA/Genetics data
Morphological Data
Biodiversitas
Speciation
Taxonomy
Process of Taxonomy
Discovery
Description
Identification
Classification
Taxonomy v. Systematics
Taxonomy = Naming
Systematics = Relationship between names
Speciation
Definition
Lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species
Species - Could be produced rapidly in appropriate conditions or remain unchanged in the absence of such condition
Requires
Necessary and sufficient amount of genetic difference and reproductive isolation
Step-by-Step Speciation:
A breeding population is isolated in time or space
The derived population becomes reproductively isolated
The breeding population DIVERGES genetically
Supporting biological and environmental conditions to promote distinct evolutionary outcome
Reproductive Isolating Mechanism
Pre-zygotic
Habitat isolation (ecology, geography)
Temporal isolation (season)
Behavioural isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation
Post-zygotic
Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown
Speciation Mechanism
Allopatric
Geographic barrier, genetic divergence over time
Peripatric
Small population size, genetic drift, founder effect
Parapatric
Environmental gradients, partial gene flow
Sympatric
No geographic barrier, ecological niche partitioning, genetic mutations
Biogeography
Study of geographic patterns in distribution of species and communities
Reasons:
Vicariance
Geological and climatological events
Dispersal
Movement of species
Taxonomy and Classification
Definition
Taxis = arrangement, Nomos = Law, Taxonomy = laws/principle of arrangement/classification
Classification = ordering of organism into taxa
Nomenclature = The naming of organisms
Identification = placement of an unknown isolate into a previously described taxa
Levels of Taxonomy
Alpha taxonomy
Descriptive, Morphological characters, concerned in characterization and naming
Beta taxonomy
Systematics, includes genetic, anatomical, cytological, palynological, physiological, concerned in arranging species into a system of higher and lower taxa
Gamma taxonomy
Evolutionary studies, Includes various biological aspect of the taxa. Considers phylogeny/evolutional history of the organism
History
Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)
Plant or Animal, Common names
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778)
Established taxon, Two Kingdom: Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Plantae
Ernst Haeckel (1866)
Includes unicellular, Three kingdom: Protista, Animalia, Plantae
Chatton (1937)
Based on cytology, Two Empires: Eukaryota, Prokaryota
Copeland (1956)
Four Kingdoms, includes Monera as Prokaryota
Whittaker (1969)
Five Kingdoms, splits Protista into Protista and Fungi
Carl Woese (1977)
Six Kingdom, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae
Cavalier Smith (2001)
Seven Kingdoms, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Chromista, Protozoa, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, OBSOLETE
Carl Woese (1990)
Three Domains, inclusion of 16S rRNA data, Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota
ALE CCWCCC
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous Structure
Similar Embryo development
Molecular Similarity
Nomenclature and Description
Scientific v. Common names
Common names not universal
Common names give no information about generic relationship
Keeping organized
International codes for naming
ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature)
ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) --> ICNAFP (International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants)
ICNB (International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria) --> ICNP (International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes)
4 Requirements for a valid nomenclature
Binomens
Genus + species, Italic, First letter capital
Synonym v. Homonym
Authorship
Oldest have priority, rest is synonym
If revised, (Oldest author.) Revised author
Nomen Oblitum = an older publication was discovered after species name was generally accepted. Older publication is omitted.
Species Description
Interpretations of observations
Type Specimen
The Name-bearer, something to compare
Nomen Dubium
Holotype
Paratypes
Syntypes
Lectotype
Paralectotypes
Infraspecific Taxa
Subspecies
a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas, differ in morphology, but can successfully interbreed
Variety
Populations within a species or subspecies with minor morphological variation and a local range.
Cultivar
Used in horticulture
Man-made
Not governed by ICBN
Characters
Attributes of an organism
Morphological
Molecular
Behavioural
Ecological
etc
States
Alternative forms of the character
Heritable changes produce different character states
Similarities and difference in states provide basis for inferring phylogeny
Ancestral v. Derived
Ancestral = Plesiomorphic
Derived = Apomorphic
Unique Derived = Autapomorphies
Non-unique Derived = Synamorphies
Analogous/Homoplasy v. Homologous
Homologous
Similarity due to ancestry
Ancestral homology = ordinary homology = Symplesiomorphic
Derived homology, differ from ancestor = special homology = Synapomorphic
Analogous/Homoplasy
Similarity due to other reasons
Convergence evolution
Parallel Evolution
Reversal Evolution
Monophyletic v. non-monophyletic
Monophyletic = one ancestor
Polyphyletic = Multiple ancestor
Paraphyletic = One ancestor but not all descendant
Specimen Collection and Curation
Ex-situ
Herbarium, Museum, Culture Collection
In-situ
Real habitat
Species Concept
Definition
Species = Latin for "kind". Humankind = Human Species
Basic unit of identification for a large diversity of organisms. The lowest taxonomic rank. Representative of genetic identity and evolutionary history.
Ways to Characterize species:
Biological Species Concept
Ernst Mayr (1942)
Group of interbreeding organism, reproductively isolated
Physically similar, can mate with each other, produce offspring, offspring can mate and reproduce
Reproductive Isolation
Biological factors that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids
Combination of Various reproductive barrier
Morphological Species Concept
Carolus Linnaeus
Groups of morphologically/phenotypically similar individuals
Applied to dead, extinct, or fosillized specimen
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Joel Cracraft (1983)
The smallest diagnosable monophyletic group of populations within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent
The evolutionary history of a group is its phylogeny, "phylogenetic tree" is a branching figure summarizing evolutionary history.
More closely related species = more genetically similar
Microbial Species Concept
Collection of microbial strains that share many properties and differ significantly from other group of strains
Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences
Now, WGS is considered gold standard
Polyphasic taxonomy (Morphology, Physiology, Chemotaxonomy, GC% content, DNA Hybridization, 16S rRNA, WGS)