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Renaissance Music History - Coggle Diagram
Renaissance Music History
Spain
14th Century
15th Century
16th Century
Villancico: (from Spanish
villano
, "peasant"; pronounced vee-yan-SEE-co or vee-yan-THEE-co) Type of polyphonic song in Spanish, with several stanzas framed by a refrain; originally secular, the form was later used for sacred works, especially associated with Christmas or other important holy days
NAWM 46
Early 16th century spain. Tablature is a type of musical notation that shows where to place your fingers on an instrument, rather than indicating pitch with traditional notes.
Pastoral, pastoral drama: Play in verse with incidental music and songs, normally set in idealized rural surroundings, often in ancient times; a source for the earliest opera librettos
Juan del Encina (1468-1529): first Spanish playwright;
Oy comamos y bebamos
(NAWM 46)
Germany
14th Century
15th Century
16th Century
Martin Luther: 16th century German Priest, known for his 95 theses, an important factor in the Humanist movement and the reformation, going against the Roman Catholic Church.
Lutheranism: chorale, polyphony
Bar form: AAB
Contrafactum: The practice of replacing the existing words of a text with new words. The music itself stays the same Martin Luther used this to replace the words of secular songs with religious words during the protestant reformation(NAWM 41)
Cantonal style: (from Latin cantonale, "songbook") Manner of setting Chorales in Chordal Harmony with the Melody in the highest voice
Meistersingers: Type of German amateur singer and poet composer of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries who was a member of a guild that cultivated a style of monophonic song derived from Minnelieder
Italy
14th Century
15th Century
16th Century
Canzonetta, also apart of 16th century English tradition. (Italian, “little song”) Sixteenth- century Italian (and later English) song genre in a simple, mostly homophonic style.
Balletto
Late 15th early 16th century, “little dance” a type of dance.
Italian (and later English) song genre in a simple, dancelike, homophonic style with repeated sections and “fa-la-la” refrains; “written in a vivacious, homophonic style, with simple harmonies and evenly phrased sections that were often repeated; intended for dancing as well as singing or playing; usually in AABB form, adopting the repeated strains of dance music.”
Canzonette, late 16th century
light, lyrical, playful , sometimes romantic text setting
claudio montiverdi
NAWM 55a
Frottola: (pl.
frottole
) Sixteenth-century genre of Italian polyphonic song in mock-popular style, typically syllabic, homophonic, and diatonic, with the melody in the upper voice and marked rhythmic patterns
Villanella: Type of sixteenth-century Italian song, generally for three voices, in a rustic homophonic style
Madrigal
Madrigalisms: A particularly evocative – or, if used in a disparaging sense, a thoroughly conventional – instance of text depiction or word-painting; so called because of the prominent role of word-painting in madrigals
NAWM 57
Ballets were light, dance-like vocal songs with cheerful rhythms and "fa-la-la" refrains. Late 16th centurY
Petrarchan movement: was a culture trend in a 16th century Italy. The texture evolved from early homophonic or polyphonic to the expressive polyphonic. The Pietro Bembo was revived Petrarchan ideals.
Counter-reformation and music
Council of Trent (1545-63) - general call for more austerity and discussions of practices and of how churches are decorated, etc. More emphasis on making words easy to understand and clear to the listener. Didn’t outright ban polyphony but kind of.
Jesuits (“Society of Jesus”) - new monastic order that came out of orthodoxy discussions of the Council of Trent. Like the enforcement arm.
Liturgical uniformity
tropes: all but 4 of the trope texts will be banned. <-- out of well over 1000 that were being used at the time.
chant books - standardizing the musical elements of chant.
secular material/sources were banned in any form and words have to be most important.
Giovanni Palestrina
"Credo" from Palestrina's "Pope Marcellus" Mass - how things "should" be done; homophony, light imitation, text intelligible; delight: voicing (varying timbres), occasional polyphony
England
14th Century
15th Century
16th Century
William Byrd: 16th century English renaissance composer, known for his masses and other sacred works, as well as his English Madrigals
Anthem: a polyphonic sacred work in English for Anglican religious services
Consort: name for a group
of instruments.
Lute song early 16th century. comes out of madrigal style. accessible to amateurs because it was for nobility to show their virtuosity. use of tablature that showed where to put fingers for chords instead of standard notation. Example: John Dowland: Flow, My Tears (NAWM 65)
English Madrigals: Madrigals iterative of the Italian style emerging during the mid 16th centur
France
14th Century
15th Century
16th Century
Jean Calvin- French priest and theologist (16th century) who protested the Roman Catholic church by creating his own movement (Calvinism) Believed in not indulging in ‘worldly pleasures’
Musique Mesurée
late 16th century french musical style that tried to imitate the rhythm and spirit of ancient Greek poetry and music.
French for “measured music"; especially in chansons; stressed syllables are given longer notes than unstressed syllables (usually twice as long).
NAWM 54
Air de Cour: Type of song for voice and accompaniment prominent in France from about 1580 through the seventeenth century
NAWM 86
Terms for YOU to organize (35 total)
Chorale:
Chorale Motets:
-Chorale tune
Metrical Psalms
Service:
Italian Madrigal: divide your definition into the early middle and late periods:
Early Madrigal: Polyphonic multiple voice secular composition originating in Italy during the early 16th century.
Jan Hus: 16th century Czech philosopher and pastor who was killed by the Roman Catholic Church for his Protestant and humanist ideals.
Franco-flemish style- typically featured denser polyphonic textures with equal treatment of voices.
https://youtu.be/EZRDy4TZxfU?si=pSMA2YmcTS00GNBn
Petrarch- Famous poet from Italy during the 14th century
, wrote very popular old fashioned poems about courtly love. Was promoted very heavily in order to establish Italian as an artistic language,
SecondA Partica: early 17th century. It was foundation for the Baroque style. It has more expression and emotional music. The Key figure is Claudio Monteverdi.
Primary partica
Ideologies
Humanism- The movement during the renaissance that revived Greek and Roman culture to study things pertaining to human knowledge and experience. The idea that physical being is just as important as spiritual (religious) being. Placed emphasis on human emotions and worldly pleasures. Basically, moving away from church and religous and holy topics, beginning to explore secular themes. Music is being made for the sake of making music(for fun)
Calvinism, was founded John Calvin, emphasized strict biblical interpretation and rejected elaborate musical settings in worship. As a result, Calvinist music centered on unaccompanied, monophonic Psalm singing, often using French or Dutch metrical Psalters.
Catholicism
Protestant Reformation:
The Protestant Reformation, started by Martin Luther in 1517, challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and did service in the vernacular. This led to a shift in music toward simpler, more accessible forms for more participation, such as chorales and metrical psalm settings.
Catholicism: In response to the reformation, the catholic church launched the Counter-Reformation, reaffirming the use of Latin liturgy and polyphony. Because of the need for clearer text, composers like Palestrina exemplified the ideals of the Council of Trent by writing clear and expressive sacred music .
Extra Resources
Cantillation (Te amim):
https://www.pizmonim.org/taamim.php
Essay Questions
Manifestations of Humanist philosophy in Renaissance music
Mostly prominent in the 15th century
Popular composers:
Palestrina
Josquin Des Prez
Guillaume Dufay
Originated in Italy in the 14th century, but spread out through Western Europe during the 15th century
Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch), an Italian scholar and poet, is often considered the founder of Humanism. He is also known as the "Father of Humanism" for his philosophical attitudes and his discovery and compilation of classical texts. Petrarch's work and influence laid the groundwork for the Renaissance, emphasizing the value of human potential and achievements.
The development and impact of the Franco-Flemish school (both generations)
Music of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Reformation
The reformation was a movement where protestant reformers reshaped church ideals to reflect new ideas
Emphasis on accessibility and works being composed in the vernacular of the church
Counter-Reformation
The counter reformation was an attempt at reforming church musical practices and eliminating secular-sounding muic
Emphasis on clarity of text, balance, and purity. And avoidance of excessive imitation or word-painting
Impact of the Printing press on Renaissance Music
Previously only the upper class/ nobility had access to the materials and education needed to read and write. The church tightly controlled access to education and notation, therefore not many people had access to music.
When the modular printing press was invented in Germany (15th century) by Gutenberg the church’s grip on access to education and notation materials lessened, since the printing press made it much cheaper to distribute educational materials.
This led to the lower classes having more education, which led to more people making music, and more compositions being written/recorded.
This also led to more instrumental music being made, as the printing press could print individual parts for consorts. (instrumental music) Could include abstract music