Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Epigenetics, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image…
Epigenetics
Factors Influencing Epigenetic Changes in Humans
Environmental Pollutants
Heavy metals like mercury and arsenic can alter DNA methylation and histone modifications.
Mercury demethylation of the MMP9 gene can lead to kidney damage.
Diet/Nutrition
High-fat diet hypermethylates tumor suppressor genes.
Antioxidants like polyphenols and selenium modulate methylation.
Cheese's butyric acid inhibits histone deacetylases.
Lifestyle
Exercise remodels muscle or adipose tissue DNA methylation.
Smoking alters methylation of tumor suppressor genes.
Infections
H. pylori Infections, because Methylation changes causes gastric cancer
Medical Interventions
Bariatric surgery can alter the methylation of obesity-related genes, such as PGC-1α.
Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation
DNA Methylation
Addition of methyl groups to cytosine residues in CpG islands (promoter regions)
The effect is to silence gene expression, such as the hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in cancer.
The study demonstrates that obesity-linked hypermethylation of PGC-1α and PDK4 can be reversed following bariatric surgery.
Histone Modifications
Acetylation, a process by histone acetyltransferases, opens chromatin and increases transcription.
Deacetylation, a process by histone deacetylases, is a process that condenses chromatin, leading to a decrease in transcription.
Broccolino's sulforaphane, found in the plant, has been found to inhibit histone deacetylases, which in turn promotes gene expression.
Non-coding RNAs (miRNAs)
Bind to mRNA to block translation or degrade it.
Cigarette smoke has been found to repress miR-487b, a gene associated with lung cancer.
Examples of Epigenetic-Environment Interactions
Obesity: Methylation changes linked to BMI.
Cancer: Diet and smoking induce epigenetic mutations drive carcinogenesis.
NAFLD: Liver fibrosis-associated methylation reversed post bariatric surgery.
Environment-Epigenetics Relationship
Direct Exposure
UV radiation reduces global DNA methylation
Toxins alter DNA methyltransferase activity.
Transgenerational Effects
Epigenetic marks resulting from pregnancy or drug exposure can be inherited
