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UNIT FIVE: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the 15th amendment granted African AMerican men the right to vote
        
        the 17th amendment changed the practice for electing Senators from a vote by state legislatures to a direct vote by the people
        
        the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote
        
        the 24th amendment eliminated poll taxes, a structural barrier to voting
        
        the 26th amendment lowered the voting age to 18 (Vietnam War amendment)
  - - - rational choice voting refers to individuals who base their decisions on what is perceived to be in their best interest
        
        retrospective voting refers to individuals who decide whether the party or candidate in power should be reelected based on the recent past
        
        prospective voting refers to individuals who vote based on predictions of how a party or candidate will perform in the future
        
        straight ticket voting refers to individuals who vote for all of the candidates from one political party on a ballot
- - - - variations in voter registration laws & procedures (registering in-person, online, or automatically)
        
        election type (more turnout for presidential elections than midterm elections)
  - - - party identification & ideological orientation
        
        candidate characteristics
        
        contemporary political issues
        
        religious beliefs or affiliation, age, gender, race & ethnicity, & other demographic characteristics
- - - - mobilization & education of voters
      - party platforms
      - candidate recruitment
      - campaign management, including fundraising & media strategy
      - the committee & party leadership system in legislature
- - - - campaign finance law
        
        changes in communication and data management technology
- - - - engage in lobbying (hold meetings with policy makers ti try to influence them to pass legislation in their favor)
        
        mobilize its members to apply pressure on and work with legislators and government agencies
        
        iron triangle (review):
        
        strong mutually beneficial relationship between interest groups, congressional committees, and government agencies
        
        members of congressional committees are especially helped by interest groups if they provide them with police info or if...
  - - - some interest groups, such as AARP, have large memberships, are able to mobilize those members, and possess access to large financial reserves
        
        some interest groups have more direct and more frequent access to important people in the policy process
        
        free riders are individuals who benefit from the work of an interest group without providing financial support. interest groups may deal with issue by providing selectived benefits, goods and services that are only available to members to encourage more people to join
- - - - a case challenging the Federal Election Commission's ruling that the documentary film entitled Hilary produced a non-profit corporation and funded by for-profit corporations constitutes a violation of the ban on corporate contributions to federal campaigns. the Supreme Court ruled that corporate funding of independent political ads in candidate elections cannot be limited under the first amendment
        
        US Supreme Court on January 21, 2010 ruled that (5-4) laws preventing corporations and unions from using general Treasury funds for independent electioneering communications violate the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech. in doing so the Court invalidated Section 203 of the federal Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BRCA)- aka the McCain-Feingold Act
- - - - open and closed primaries (voting process to select candidates)
        
        caucuses (closed meetings of party members to select candidates or decide policy)
        
        party conventions
        
        general (presidential) elections
        
        the electoral college
        
        contested between nominees of parties (trump v kamala)
- - - - open & closed primaries
        
        caucuses
        
        general (presidential & midterm) elections
- - - - rising campaign costs and intensive fundraising efforts
        
        duration of election cycles
        
        impact of and reliance on social media for campaign communication and fundraising
- - - - the supreme court decisions that ruled political spending corporations, associations, & labor unions is a form of protected speech under 1st amendment
- - - - ideologically oriented programming
        
        consumer-driven media outlets & emerging technologies that reinforce existing beliefs
        
        uncertainty over the credibility of news sources & information