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Intelligence Issues and Application - Coggle Diagram
Intelligence Issues and Application
the Flynn Effect
the average IQ test score increasing by 20 pts - over 1 SD - over a 30 yr period
WHY?
too rapid for genetic influence (over 1 generation)
but reciprocal effects - gene x environment correlations - genetics influencing exposure to environmental facts
issues in estimating heritability = our default to assume effects are genetic when high correlation btwn genes and environment - estimate impact of environment by how much variance not explained by genes
multiplier effects = higher IQ places someone in environments further increases IQ - genes put them in environments but effects still environmental
multiplier effects happen at societal level - external factors causing on person's IQ to rise, this will improve the environment of others and lead to other IQs rising
eg shared genes leading to shared environments ie extracurriculars
eg child A - genetic predisp. for greater IQ -> extra curiculars > returns to family/then in tern affects child B
can't be length of schooling as would predict increase in verbal but greater rise in non-verbal
child rearing practices - ie educational TV and social programmes/support
nutrition?
test taking sophistication - more practice of tests - also explains cross cultural diff's
Flynn - increase not in intelligence itself but in "abstract problem-solving ability"
Flynn's explanations:
child rearing practices -- educational sustem changing in teaching children abstract thinking + how to learn
test taking sophistication
analogous with increased diagnosis in mtl health - not condition itself increasing but promoting environment where better recognised/tools/tests
The Bell Curve
made -ve conclusions of ethnicity and race diff's that weren't actually representative of data
Hernstein and Murray's arguments:
a cognitive elite in the US
low IQ scores were precursor to poverty more than any Socioeconomic condition
IQ scores better predictor of economic and social welfare than SES - low IQ scores predicted dropping out/unemployment/assosciated with divorce etc
on Wechsler test - white Americans scored 15 IQ points higher than black Americans - argued immigration pushing down IQ of US?
shldn't expect education to influence low IQ scores - but what about malleability??
believed programmes for affirmative action would lead to decrease of intelligence in workplace
Critiques:
correlation not causation - IQ not necessarily the reason for the outcomes
ignores instrinsic link with SES and IQ - oversimplifies relationship
based on general factor of cognitive ability - but different theories
considering IQ tests as the most accurate measure of intelligence- but critique of their validity - do they actually measure
IQ scores not stable over person's life - great malleability depending on education and SES
didn't consider how IQ tests are culturally biased/biased against social/economic/ethnic grps
overestimated genetic heritability of intelligence - environmental multipler effects understated
their implications seen beyond US = oe India's caste systems - mean children of diff castes don't experience same access/resource/inclusion esp with schools BUT some see programmes to promote inclusion as not effective/not causing diff. in performance
Grit, effort and achievement
role of deliberate practice and responding to feedback - links to learning theory and reinforcements
GRIT
Duckworth argues better predictor of doing well in schl life - passion and long term perseverance
unrelated to measures of talent
the grittier kid - more likely to graduate even when matched on family background/scores etc
growth mindset (Dweck) - ability to learn not fixed but can increase in effort + not believing failure is permanent
Achievement = skill x effort
Duckworth and Seligman (2005) - self-discipline score correlated greater with academic achievement, homework etc than IQ
Limitations of IQ as a predictor
Deary et al (2007) - g correlates with gcse subject performances to some decree - but some subjects predicted better than others
Intelligence is
malleable
Ceci (1990)'s meta-analysis - children attending school regularly score higher (rise of 2.7 pts) BUT delays starting school cause intelligence to drop ( 5 IQ pts per year missed)
Wahlsten (1997) - infant moved from low SES to high SES family - improved infants IQ score
shows IQ not great predictors on own if change with circumstance
understanding the mechanism - correlation alone not informative
Whalley and Deary (2001) - ppl with 1 SD disadvantage in IQ score relative to others at age 11 only 79% likely to live to age 76
Deary and Der (2005) - found hypothesis that IQ may be related to mortality because mental ability tests assess some aspect of bodily integrity ie spearman's g - relates to information processing on neural level
other hypotheses: high IQ assosciated with other optimal health bhvrs ie stoppping smoking and predictive of educational qualifications - but these found only partially drove relationship
Actual Predictive validity
Klemp and McClelland (1986) - scores on standard ability tests tended to be uncorrelated with actual proficiency in managerialjobs and business problems
problems in IQ tests too well-defined, in real life problems not so clear-cut - lacks external validity since IQ test problems don't generalise well