Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Ecology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - total range of environmental variables where organisms can survive, grow and reproduce
        
        Example of moths in environments where temperature changes which influences survival
    - - part of fundamental niche occupied by the species as a result of interactions with other species
        
        Example of the coexistence of wolves and coyotes living across North America
      - actual role an organism plays in an environment, limited by factors like competition and predation, as opposed to its fundamental niche, which is the full potential role
  - - - Autotraphs (producers): only feed on their own level
      - Heterotrophs (consumers): feeding at different levels)
- - - - Random
        
        Neutral Interactions
        
        a relationship between two species where one species has no effect on the other's population or survival
      - Regular
        
        Antagonistic interactions
        
        situations where one organism or species benefits at the expense of another
      - Clumped
        
        High local abundance
        
        situation where a particular species or group of species is very common or plentiful in a specific area or habitat, relative to other species or the overall area size
  - - - dN/dt= rN
    - - dN/dt=rN (K-N)/K
        
        Legend
        
        r= intrinsic rate of growth
        
        d= change
        
        Carrying Capacity= K
        
        N= population size
        
        t= time
    - - depicts the proportion of individuals in a population that survive to different ages, allowing ecologists to visualize how mortality rates change over an organism's lifespan
        
        3 Types
        
        Type 1: most die late in life (ex: large mammals)
        
        Type 2: uniform rate of decline (ex: amphibians)
        
        Type 3: huge decline in young (ex: insects)
    - - a group of individuals who share a defining characteristic or experience during a specific period (ex: bishops students in 2021)
- - - - Definition: the negative effect of one organism on another by consuming or controlling a limited resource (both exploitation and interference competition)
      - Gause's principle of competition exclusion
        
        2 species that compete for the exact same resource cannot co-exist.
      - 2 types
        
        Scramble (fish)
        
        Interference (lions and tigers) [physical]
    - - Example of cleaning birds and antelopes
    - - Example of clownfish and sea anemones
    - - Example of tree and shape on grass
    - - Long-term mutualism (where organisms are dependent)
  - - - the origin of a new species through the acquisition of effective isolating mechanisms by a geographically isolated portion of the parental species.
        Physical barrier divides populations
    - - without geographical isolation; the origin of a new set of isolating mechanisms within a local population of potentially interbreeding individuals. When disruptive selection over long term… both extremes rather mate with their own extremes.
        
        Example: squirells
    - - evolutionary divergence of members of a single phyletic line into different niches or adaptive zones./ the rapid diversification of a single ancestral lineage into a multitude of descendant species, each adapted to a specific ecological niche or way of life
    - - where a new species is created through the hybridization of two species and is reproductively isolated from either of the parent species
    - - where a new species arises from a small, isolated population on the periphery of a larger, ancestral population, often due to founder effects and genetic drift