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Ethnicity and crime and deviance - Coggle Diagram
Ethnicity and crime and deviance
Phillips and Bowling
Police stop, search and arrest young afro-carab males based on negative stereotyping and profiling. Black community has been subjected to 'oppressive military style policing' resulting in over policing of these communities.
Holdaway
Outlined 'routine policing'. Police officers stereotype a large range of groups in the population and all levels of the police service engage in a 'canteen culture' in which these stereotypes are used.
Cicourel
Officers hold typifications that lead them concentrating on certain types of individuals. This leads to the police patrolling w/c areas more intensively reinforcing stereotypes. The application of justice is then a negotiation that considers family structure, class etc. all of which disadvantages EM groups.
MacPherson report
There's institutional racism within the police force. Values practices of the police force are based on racist assumptions. This was identified in the MacPherson report, which looked into the police's handling of the Stephen Lawrence murder investigation and identified institutional racism was evident throughout all aspects of policing.
Hall et all
Criminalisation of black people began in the 70s when police selectively released stats suggesting young black Britons were most likely to be responsible for street crime , specifically mugging. This initiated a media driven moral panic, effectively labelling young afro-carab population as 'folk devils'. In 70s Britain faced a crisis of capitalism - high unemployment, riots, street protests and violent demonstration threatened hegemony. Moral played an ideological function for capitalist r/c - it divided w/c by encouraging racist attitudes and justified the introduction of aggressive policing. Black mugger came to symbolise the disintegration of social order. Hall believes official crime stats are socially manufactured by a repressive racist state for ideological reasons.
EV
: Doesn't clearly show how the capitalist crisis led to a moral panic; nor do they provide evidence that the public were in fact panicking or blaming crime on black people.
Gilroy
'Myth of black criminality', ties to explain why racial prejudice and stereotypes exist. In a situation of high unemployment and economic crisis EMs are blamed. Black are seen as muggers, Asians as illegal immigrants. EM crime can be seen as political resistance against a racist society. Black criminality is form of rebellion in a racist society.
EV
: Notion of colonial struggle seems insignificant since first gen black criminality was low.
EV
: Lea and Young argue that many victims of black crime were black people and not white oppressors, believing it's more likely to be a response to relative deprivation
Lea and Young
Argue once a group of individuals share an sense of relative deprivation they'll develop lifestyles to help them cope with these problems. Explanation of street crime:
Relative deprivation - the poor, whose lives are undermined by social and economic factors beyond control. They feel deprived of material possessions compared to what they see
Individualism - encouraged by mass media and celebrity culture to pursue self-interest at expense of community
Marginalisation - EMs feel frustrated and hostile as they have little power to change situation
Subculture - people more likely to commit crime if they find no other like-minded individuals who want to aspire to material success and/or who share their anger and hostility towards society
EV
:
Crime is used by the EMs to fight against the class inequality created by capitalism
Relies on quantitative data when we should use qualitative
Assume that value consensus exists ad crime only occurs when this breaks down
Relative deprivation can't explain crime as not all of those who experience crime commit crime
Functionalism
Merton
Due to poor educational achievement, black people have a lack of institutional means to achieve success, so there's more pressure for black people to 'innovate' and therefore get involved crime.
Cohen
Status frustration of w/c boys
Cloward and Ohlin
3 criminal subcultures, conflict, criminal and retreatist
Wilson and Herrnstein
Biological differences - certain individuals, inc. young black males are biologically more likely to commit crime. This is due to higher levels of aggression and testosterone they have, which means they possess characteristics which are more associated with criminal and deviant behaviours.
Clarke
Rational choice theory - crime is linked to situations in which deviants find themselves individuals engage in crime when opportunities present themselves and where there seems to be little risk involved.
Murray and Dennis & Erdos
Inadequate socialisation - schools and religion have become less effective agencies of social control. Growing social underclass fuels criminals activity. Crime is linked to breakdown in social order in some communities, particularly in black, inner city areas. Disorder in certain neighbourhoods has bred more C&D as sense of community civility is lost and informal controls along with it.
EV
:
Claims to see to prevent crime w/o large enough body of research into how patterns of crime relate to age, gender or ethnicity
Not interested in corporate crime, white collar crime, political crime or state crime
Focus on young black males and street crime but are they really the most dangerous and harmful to society?
Fitzgerald et al
Examine the role of neighbourhood factors in explaining the greater involvement of black youths in the street robbery. They found rates were highest in poor areas and where very deprived young people came into contact with more affluent groups. Whilst these factors white people in a similar way, black people are more likely to live in poorer areas.