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- - - - p. 485
        When former Swedish Foreign Secretary Margot Wallström introduced the idea of Femin- ist Foreign Policy (FFP) in 2014, she opened a space for discussion and debate about the role of states in advancing feminist ideals in their foreign policies. At the time, Wallström’s announcement was unique introducing the use of a “feminist frame” to position Sweden as a norm entrepreneur in this ﬁeld.
  - - - :check: p. 24 existing research on ethical foreign policy is, by and large, gender blind.
        
        Thompson 2022
        
        p. 115 Foreign policy has received comparatively little consideration from feminist scholars and, until recently, the ﬁeld has been largely gender blind.
        
        p. 116 Despite this, the gender blindness of much foreign policy analysis (FPA
    - - p. 24 That gender-sensitive foreign policies are frequently couched within ethical consideration for the needs and wants of distant others as well as policy pragmatism since the practical conduct of foreign and security policy is mediated through a variety of policy options and compromises across a range of diverging political positions.
      - p. 24 making of foreign policy may, at times, necessitate deviations and trade-offs from the ethical ideals that one might otherwise expect from the feminist and gender-based con- duit of foreign policy
      - p. 29 Feminist IR theory is key to the study of foreign policy because it challenges the invisi- bility of gender and the absence of women in international relations on many fronts,
    - - pp. 29 - 30 This would also involve asking whether the conduct of feminist foreign policy gives rise to a new range of actors – state and non-state ones, practices and policy areas.
  - - - p. 206 drawing attention to the relevance of feminism to external policy.
      - p. 206 Defence is a feminist issue, particularly as feminists seek to challenge
        realpolitik and the state‑centred focus of global politics.
    - - p. 212 state interpretations of FFP tend to be outward external facing, despite critique that domestic and foreign policy are co‑constituting
      - 212 Civil society has pushed for FFP to go further,
  - - - :check:p. 1 This movement should aspire to transforming the practice of foreign policy to the greater benefit of women and girls everywhere, impacting a country’s diplomacy, defense and security cooperation, aid, trade, climate security, and even immigration policies.
  - - - several policies make financial commitments to ODA, and/or set performance and spending targets for gender equality activities, the gold standard being Canada’s commitment that 95% of its ODA will target or integrate gender equality.
  - - - The connections between feminism and social justice are not the same for every feminist. On one hand, feminism and social justice seek to disrupt and dismantle unequal power structures. Kaira Alburo-Cañete, Senior Researcher at the International Institute of Social Studies, observed, for example, that feminist goals of many women in crisis-affected communities call for structural changes that address the environmental, social, economic and political causes of the crises they experience. On the other hand, other feminists’ views on how inequalities should be addressed can be different. As a result, it is beneficial to think about the diversity of feminisms and their varied approaches to social justice.
  - - - pp. 205 - 206 They are after all key sites for diplomacy and diplomatic actors in their own right.
    - - p. 203 The changing role and conduct of diplomatic actors on the international scene also impacts how treaties are negotiated, disputes resolved, and how more peaceful relations can be established and strengthened.
  - - - :arrow_right:[...] Additionally, FFP advocates for a normative shift in foreign policy, guided by a framework rooted in cosmopolitan norms of global justice and peace.
  - - - FFP should adopt an inclusive and collaborative approach to ensuring that these diverse perspectives are reflected in the development and implementation of FFP.
      - t, FFP seeks to eliminate discrimination at the structural level through the application of an intersectional lens in foreign policy that recognizes people’s lived experiences are shaped by over- lapping systems of inequality based on gender, class, race, and ethnicity, among others.
      - go to page 3 to read what the goals are
- - - - there are many commonalities (and some key differences)
        between the various policies that have been adopted to date, specifically in relation to how each policy is framed, the stated goal and objectives of each policy, how they are applied and their implementation and reporting.
        :arrow_right: but there are some overlapping explanations for an FFP (International Women's Development Agency, 2020, p. 1).
  - - - there are many interpretations of feminism, some of which reflect a more transformative, systemic approach than others.
      - states have been working toward common guiding principles for FFPs
        
        p. 1 The FFP+ Group’s “Political Declaration on Feminist Approaches to Foreign Policy,” agreed in September 2023, illustrates state priorities while also mirroring some of the values emphasized by civil society, such as a focus on the root causes of inequality and a collaborative approach.
- - - - • Militarization, demilitarization, and the root causes of violence;
        
        (Wright & Rosamond, 2024)
        
        :check: p. 600 When faced with a war in its vicinity, the previous social democratic government [of Sweden] chose to sideline FFP, which resulted in the effective dismantling of the policy.
        
        :check: p. 601 This U-turn in Swedish foreign policy was enabled by the lack of support for the country’s FFP among the members of the new coalition government and the broader militarism of Swedish policy in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, contributing to the gendered silencing of Sweden’s NATO membership bid, with FFP hardly figuring in the 2022 elections.
        
        Papworth
        
        :check: p. 6 One ongoing debate has been how FFPs address militariza- tion rooted in masculinity as an underlying cause of violence and, by extension, how they approach demilitarization.23
        
        :check: p.6 Moreover, there is a clear link between the arms trade and gender-based violence.
        
        Burni A, Thissen L
        (2024)
        
        :check: p. 4 In addition, conflict and post-conflict countries tend to show the highest sexual violence rates worldwide, with rape and other forms of gender-based violence being used as weapons of war
      - • Global perspectives and postcolonial critiques;
        
        :check: p. 4a meaningful FFP must seriously confront power structures such as racism, colonialism, militarism, and the patriarchy. It bears mentioning, however, that many of the most promi- nent civil society organizations working on FFP are located in the Global North.
        
        Future debate: FFP is a Global North issue
        
        Ansorg et al., 2021
        
        :check:p. 204 It is worth noting that those states which have done this most vocally are located within the global north.
        
        :check: p. 204 Despite their feminist claims, these countries often fail to consider the power dynamics inherent within the international system of global politics and particularly the legacies of co- lonialism and persistence of coloniality in the implementation of so-called feminist foreign policies and the implications these have for a feminist peace.
        
        (Papworth., 2024)
        
        :check: p. 4 It bears mentioning, however, that many of the most promi- nent civil society organizations working on FFP are located in the Global North.
      - • The branding and substance of FFPs;
        
        Papworth, 2024
        
        pp. 9 - 10 Using the “feminist” label can also signal political commitment to feminist principles in the face of a (Papworth, 2024, p. 9) right-wing backlash against women’s rights. This backlash extends to the UN itself, which has faced an anti-feminist coalition of states and conservative NGOs aiming to push back women’s rights and restore the “natural family.” p. 10
      - • The domestication of FFPs; and
      - • Accountability and sustainability.
  - - - par ticipa- tion, prevention, protection, and relief and recover y. The par ticipation pillar focuses on the representation of women at ‘all levels of decision- making, including peace-processes, electoral processes … and the broader social-political sphere.’ Within peace research, this directive has informed a large range of recent work on negotiation practices speciﬁcally, including mediation, and on the dif ferent meanings of par ticipation in the context of the WPS agenda (O’Rourke, 2014;seealso,Krauseetal.,2018). The prevention pillar—the most visible pillar of the WPS agenda—inte- grates gender perspectives into conﬂict prevention and focuses on ways in which women can take par t in prevention, as well as on how women’s experiences can inform conﬂict prevention. The four th pillar focuses on relief and recover y, which extends the protection focus of the third pillar (protection) by prioritizing relief for the most vulnerable women from, predominantly SGBV (Haastrup, 2019)
  - - - In this context, FFP seeks to eliminate discrimination at the structural level through the application of an intersectional lens in foreign policy that recognizes people’s lived experiences are shaped by overlapping systems of inequality based on gender, class, race, and ethnicity, among others.
      - Further, FFP should adopt an inclusive and collaborative approach to ensuring that these diverse perspectives are reflected in the development and implementation of FFP. Some articulations of FFP are explicit about aspirations to challenge existing legacies of colonialism and global power hierarchies that uphold the international system.7
      - FFP also strives to be crosscutting, with some frameworks aiming to extend to all levers of foreign policy, including trade, defense, diplomacy, development,etc.anddemonstrate coherence among international, domestic and local policies when applied across multiple government ministries, departments and agencies.