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Ecology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Among organisms
      - Between organisms and their physical environments
  - - - Non-living components in an ecosystem
    - - Living organisms of the same species in the same area at a particular time
    - - Interaction of all populations within an area
    - - Living components in an ecosystem
    - - An environment in which a species normally lives
    - - Interaction of all biotic and abiotic components within an area
  - - - Ponds
      - Rivers
      - Forests
      - Grasslands
      - Deserts
  - - - Population
        
        Community
        
        Ecosystem
    - - Tissues
        
        Organs
        
        Organ Systems
        
        Organisms
- - - - Less than 1% of the Sun's energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis
  - - - A series of organisms through which energy is transferred in the form of food
      - Shows the sequence of feeding relationship between organisms
    - - Trophic Level
        
        Position that an organism occupies in a food chain
      - Producers
        
        What is it?
        
        Organisms which make food on their own by the process of photosynthesis
        
        Examples
        
        Plants
        
        Phytoplankton
      - Consumers
        
        Feeding Hierarchy
        
        Primary Consumers
        
        Herbivores/Omnivores
        
        Feeds on producers
        
        Secondary Consumers
        
        Carnivores
        
        Feeds on primary consumers
        
        Tertiary Consumers
        
        Carnivores
        
        Feeds on secondary consumers
        
        Examples
        
        Herbivores
        
        Carnivores
        
        Omnivores
        
        What is it?
        
        Organisms which feed on producers or other consumers for food
    - - Energy Transfer
        
        Only 10% of energy is transferred from one tropic level to another
        
        90% of energy is lost in the form of heat to the atmosphere from each level
        
        Through respiration, urine, faeces and perspiration
      - Reason why food chains rarely have more than five trophic levels
        
        Only 10% of energy is transferred from one tropic level to the next
        
        The amount of energy available in food is not sufficient anymore to support organisms after five tropic levels
  - - - Movement of energy from one trophic level to the next
    - - Diagrams to show the complex interactions of organisms in an ecosystem
    - - Organisms that are able to make their own food thorugh photosynthesis
    - - Position that an organism occupies in a food chain
    - - Organsisms that break down the remains of plants and animals into simpler substances
      - Recycle nutrients back into the soil
    - - Animals that do not hunt for a meal
      - Feed on dead organisms for food without breaking them down into simpler substances
    - - Organisms that feed on other organisms for food
- - - - Create disturbances in the marine ecosystem as it reduces young fish
        
        Reduction in breeding stock, causing fish population to decrease
      - Can cause animals to become endangered or extinct
        
        Humans kill them for
        
        Food
        
        Recreation
        
        Making valuable products using their body parts
    - - Ban or discourage the use of drift nets
        
        Drift nets trap all forms of marine life indiscriminately
        
        Promoting the use of nets with an appropriate mesh size so that young fish are not caught
      - Ban the harvesting of endangered species by passing law
  - - - Water pollution, caused by chemical waste discharged from industries, can harm the organisms living in rivers, lakes and oceans
      - Air pollution can destory the ozone layer which can cause a serious threat to living organisms
    - - Policy makers should implement pollution prevention acts
        
        Reduce environmental pollution from industries
      - Chemical waste should be removed from waste water before it is discharged into the rivers or seas
  - - - Can make animals become endangered or extinct as they will lose their natural habitats
        
        Humans will lose the valuable biodiversity as some of them are useful for our research
      - Give rise to enhanced greenhouse effect
        
        Lesser trees to trap carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
      - Exposes land to wind and rain, promoting soil erosion
        
        No more roots to hold the soil together
        
        No canopy layer to reduce the force of the rainwater or shield the soil from direct winds
        
        Fertile topsoil will be washed away or blown away and make the land become barren
      - Reduces the process of photosynthesis
        
        Lesser amount of oxygen is released into the atmosphere
    - - Establish protected areas for wildlife
      - Policy makers should ban indiscriminate logging through legislation of laws
      - Reforestation is encouraged
        
        New seedlings are planted to replace the lost trees
      - Government should designate land as forest reserves
- - - - Example
        
        When a plant dies, bacteria in the soil breaks down the complex substances and returns the nutrients back into the soil
  - - - Nitrogen
        
        An important element in making proteins and DNA
        
        Air contains about 78% of nitrogen in its compositions
      - Function
        
        Ensures that nitrogen is always available for the continuity of life on Earth
        
        Ensures that the concentration of nitrogen is constant in the atmosphere
      - Processes
        
        Removes nitrogen from the atmosphere
        
        Nitrogen fixation
        
        Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in certain species of plants such as legumes
        
        Can be triggered by lightning also
        
        Returns nitrogen to the atmosphere
        
        Denitrification
        
        Carried out by denitrifying bacteria
    - - Carbon
        
        Most vital element for living organisms
        
        All living organisms are constructed from compounds of carbon such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats
        
        Air contains about 0.04% of carbon dioxide in its compositions
      - Function
        
        Ensures that carbon is always available for the continuity of life on Earth
        
        Ensures that concentration of carbon is constant in the atmosphere
      - Processes
        
        Removes carbon from the atmosphere
        
        Photosynthesis
        
        Returns carbon to the atmosphere
        
        Combustion
        
        Decomposition
        
        Respiration
- - - - What is it?
        
        An organism kills and consumes the other organism
        
        A predator is an organism that eats another organism
        
        A prey is the organism which the predator eats
        
        Period of interaction among organisms is short
        
        Prey
        
        Organism which
        
        Predator eats
      - Examples
        
        Lion & Zebra
        
        Bear & Fish
        
        Fox & Rabbit
    - - What is it?
        
        An organism (parasite) gains benefits from another organism (host) and causes harm to the host at the same time
        
        Period of interaction among organisms is longer
      - Examples
        
        Tapeworms found in the intestines of animals to get food but causes the host to be deprived of nutrients
        
        Fleas harm the hosts by sucking their blood
    - - What is it?
        
        When two organisms of different species interact together, each benefits from the relationship
        
        Period of interaction among organisms is longer
      - Example
        
        Bees obtain nectar from flowers and help the plant pollinate successfully
    - - What is it?
        
        One organism benefits but the other is not harmed or benefitted
      - Example
        
        Remora fish attaching to the shark to obtain food does not affect the shark
- - - - An important abiotic component which affects the life of all living organisms
        
        Living cells are made up of mainly water
      - Water provides suitable habitat for marine life
    - - The acidity or alkanity affects the type of organisms living in a particular area
    - - Affects the growth, activities and the survival of organisms
    - - Provides carbon dioxide for plants to carry out photosynthesis
      - Provides oxygen for living organisms to carry out aerobic respiration
        
        What is aerobic respiration?
        
        Release of energy under the presence of oxygen
    - - Provides light energy
        
        Plants can carry out photosynthesis
      - Allows organisms to avoid danger and look for food
      - Provides warmth to living organisms
    - - Substances that provide essential elements for the plants to grow healthily
      - Needed for plants to make chlorophyll, enzymes, hereditary material or vitamins
      - Obtained by the plants from soil
      - Examples
        
        Nitrogen
        
        Phosphorus
        
        Potassium