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Sexually transmitted disease, Prevalence - Coggle Diagram
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia
Prevalence & Transmission
Most common bacterial STI in the UK.
Primarily transmitted through unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
Can also be passed mother-to-child during birth.
Serotypes D-K cause genital infections; other serotypes cause eye diseases like trachoma.
Clinical manifestations
Asymptomatic in 70% of women and 50% of men.
Symptoms include
nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, vaginal discharge, and salpingitis (infection of the fallopian tubes)
.
Impact on fertility
Infertility can result from repeated infections due to ascending infections that damage the reproductive tract.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common complication, leading to fallopian tube scarring, ectopic pregnancies, and infertility in women.
Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosed through
nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs).
Treatment typically involves
doxycycline
for 7 days.
Gonorrhea
Prevalence & Transmission
Second most common bacterial STI in the UK.
Transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
Clinical Manifestations
Asymptomatic in 50% of women and 5% of men.
Men often experience
urethritis, dysuria, and mucopurulent discharge.
Women may experience
vaginal discharge, PID, and pelvic pain.
Impact on fertility
Similar to Chlamydia, gonorrhoea can lead to PID, fallopian tube scarring, and infertility.
If untreated, it may also cause chronic pelvic pain and complications during pregnancy, like preterm birth.
Diagnosis & Treatment
Ceftriaxone
and
azithromycin
are the typical treatments, though antibiotic resistance is an emerging issue.
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Clinical Manifestations:
Primary syphilis:
Chancre (painless ulcer) at the site of infection.
Secondary syphilis:
Rash, mucous membrane lesions, and swollen lymph nodes.
Tertiary syphilis
: Can lead to cardiovascular and neurological complications.
Prevalence & Transmission
Resurgent STI with over 5,000 cases annually in the UK.
Transmitted via
sexual contact or from mother to baby during pregnancy.
Impact on Fertility
Untreated syphilis can lead to infertility and miscarriage in pregnant women.
Congenital syphilis can cause severe birth defects in infants.
Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosed through serologic tests for Treponema pallidum.
Penicillin
is the standard treatment.
Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
Background
Prevalence & Transmission:
Common parasitic STI, with around 250 million new infections annually worldwide.
Transmitted primarily through sexual contact.
Clinical Manifestations:
Often asymptomatic in men but can cause vaginal discharge, itching, and irritation in women.
Can lead to increased susceptibility to HIV.
Human papillomavirus (viral STI)
Prevalence and transmission
Over 100 serotypes of HPV exist, with 40 affecting the genital tract.
Most common
viral
STI globally, spread through sexual contact.
Clinical Manifestations
Genital warts (Condylomata acuminata) are the most visible signs.
HPV 16/18 are responsible for 80% of cervical cancers.
Impact on Fertility & Cervical Cancer:
HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Serotypes 16 and 18 cause most cases of cervical dysplasia, which can develop into invasive cancer.
Cervical cancer is preventable through the HPV vaccine, introduced in the UK in 2008, reducing cervical cancer incidence by 60%.
Diagnosis & Treatment:
Pap smears and HPV tests can detect abnormal cervical cells.
No treatment for the virus itself, but warts can be removed, and cervical abnormalities can be treated.
Generic
Fertility Impact:
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), caused by untreated STIs like Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea, can damage the fallopian tubes and uterus, leading to infertility.
STIs like Trichomoniasis and Syphilis can cause complications like miscarriage or preterm birth.
Prevalence