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Emmanuel Flores Period 5 Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Emmanuel Flores
Period 5
Endocrine System
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
Brain Region
Hypothalamus:
Regulates the pituitary gland and links the endocrine and nervous systems.
Releases hormones like CRH, TRH, GHRH that influence pituitary function.
Pituitary Gland (Anterior & Posterior Lobes):
Anterior Lobe: Produces Growth Hormone (GH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Prolactin.
Posterior Lobe: Releases Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) produced by the hypothalamus.
Pineal Gland:
Produces melatonin which helps regulate circadian rhythms, the sleep-wake cycle, and timing of sexual development.
Neck Region
Thyroid Gland:
Produces Thyroid Hormone (TH), which increases cellular metabolism, body heat, growth, and blood pressure.
Produces Calcitonin, which lowers calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting bone resorption.
Disorders:
Myxedema (severe hypothyroidism in adults)
Goiter (enlarged thyroid from iodine deficiency)
Graves' disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism)
Congenital hypothyroidism (Cretinism: stunted physical and mental growth)
Parathyroid Glands:
Secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, enhancing calcium reabsorption in kidneys, and activating vitamin D for intestinal calcium absorption.
Thoracic Region
Thymus:
Produces thymosins that are vital for the development of T lymphocytes (T cells), which are critical for adaptive immunity.
Most active during childhood and gradually shrinks with age.
Abdominal Region
Adrenal Glands:
Adrenal Cortex:
Produces aldosterone to regulate sodium retention and potassium excretion, increasing blood pressure.
Produces cortisol to control metabolism, reduce inflammation, and help the body respond to stress.
Produces androgens which contribute to secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.
Adrenal Medulla:
Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine that increase heart rate, respiration, and glucose availability during stress (fight-or-flight response).
Disorders:
Cushing’s Syndrome (excess cortisol causing obesity, hypertension, and muscle weakness)
Addison’s Disease (insufficient cortisol and aldosterone causing fatigue, low BP, and darkened skin)
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans):
Alpha Cells: Secrete glucagon to raise blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown.
Beta Cells: Secrete insulin to lower blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake.
Disorders:
Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin deficiency.
Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance causing elevated blood sugar levels.
Hyperinsulinism: Overproduction of insulin causing hypoglycemia.
Pelvic Region
Gonads:
Ovaries: Produce estrogen and progesterone responsible for female secondary sexual traits, ovulation, menstrual cycle regulation, and pregnancy support.
Testes: Produce testosterone which controls male sexual traits, libido, and sperm production.
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Negative Feedback Loops:
Maintain hormonal balance by inhibiting further hormone release once optimal levels are achieved.
Examples:
Increased thyroid hormone suppresses TSH from the pituitary.
High cortisol levels inhibit CRH and ACTH secretion.
Elevated blood calcium suppresses PTH; low levels stimulate PTH release.
Positive Feedback Loop:
Amplifies hormone secretion in a self-reinforcing cycle until an endpoint is reached.
Example: Oxytocin increases uterine contractions during labor, which then increases oxytocin release.
Major functions of the endocrine system
Regulates essential body functions including metabolism, growth, development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and emotional mood.
Maintains homeostasis by secreting hormones into the bloodstream to act on target organs and tissues.
Works closely with the nervous system to monitor and stabilize the internal environment of the body.
Controls energy utilization, fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, and physiological responses to physical and emotional stressors or injuries.
Supports long-term processes like puberty, pregnancy, and aging by adjusting hormone levels accordingly.
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
Steroid Hormones:
Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble, allowing them to pass directly through cell membranes.
Bind to intracellular receptors and influence gene expression by acting directly on DNA.
Examples include cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone, and androgens.
Non-Steroid Hormones:
Water-soluble hormones that cannot cross the cell membrane; they bind to receptors on the cell surface.
Activate secondary messenger systems inside the cell to trigger physiological changes.
Examples include insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, oxytocin, and thyroid hormone (though TH behaves like a steroid).
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Thyroid Disorders:
Myxedema (adult hypothyroidism), Goiter (iodine deficiency), Graves’ Disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism), Congenital Hypothyroidism (in infants)
Parathyroid Disorders:
Hyperparathyroidism (bone weakening, kidney stones), Hypoparathyroidism (muscle cramps, seizures)
Adrenal Disorders:
Cushing’s Syndrome (high cortisol), Addison’s Disease (low cortisol/aldosterone)
Pancreatic Disorders:
Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Hyperinsulinism (causes sudden blood sugar drops)
Other Conditions:
Exophthalmos (eye protrusion in Graves’ disease), Bronze skin pigmentation (Addison’s Disease), hormone resistance syndromes, pituitary adenomas