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Endocrine System By: Alina Vargas - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System
By: Alina Vargas
Major functions of the endocrine system
Maintain homeostasis
Regulate metabolism
Control growth and development
Coordinate reproduction
Influence mood and behavior
Regulate circadian rhythms
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
Hypothalamus
Connects the nervous and endocrine systems
Produces: TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Lobe: GH, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, PRL
Posterior Lobe: ADH, Oxytocin
Pineal Gland
Produces: Melatonin (controls sleep/wake cycle)
Thyroid Gland
Produces: T3, T4 (regulates metabolism), Calcitonin (reduces blood Ca²⁺)
Parathyroid Glands
Produces: PTH (increases blood Ca²⁺)
Thymus
Produces: Thymosins (maturation of T cells)
Pancreas
Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
Produces: Insulin (lowers blood sugar), Glucagon (raises blood sugar), Somatostatin
Adrenal Glands
Cortex: Cortisol (stress response), Aldosterone (regulates Na+/K+ levels)
Medulla: Epinephrine/Norepinephrine (fight-or-flight response)
Ovaries (in females)
Produce: Estrogen, Progesterone
Testes (in males)
Produce: Testosterone
hormones produced, their functions and their target organs
GH → Growth → Bones & tissues
TSH → Stimulates thyroid → Thyroid
ACTH → Stimulates cortisol → Adrenal cortex
ADH → Water reabsorption → Kidneys
Insulin → Lowers blood sugar → Liver, muscle, fat
Glucagon → Raises blood sugar → Liver
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones list the hormones for each
category
Structure: Lipid-based (cholesterol)
Function: Crosses cell membrane → binds to nuclear receptors → influences gene expression
Examples:
Cortisol
Estrogen
Testosterone
Aldosterone
Steriod
Non-steriod
Composition: Made of proteins, peptides, or amino acids
Function: Attach to membrane receptors, leading to the production of second messengers
Examples:
Insulin
Growth Hormone (GH)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Solubility: Steroids dissolve in fats, while non-steroids dissolve in water.
Onset: Steroids take longer to start working but last longer; non-steroids work quickly.
Receptor location: Steroids bind inside the cell, whereas non-steroids bind to the cell surface.
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback
Negative Feedback (common)
A stimulus activates a hormone → This leads to an effect → The initial stimulus decreases
Example: Elevated blood sugar → Insulin is released → Blood sugar decreases → Insulin release stops
Positive Feedback (rare)
A stimulus activates a hormone → This leads to an effect → The stimulus is amplified
Example: Oxytocin during childbirth → Contractions of the uterus → More oxytocin is produced
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Mellitus
Cause: Lack of insulin or insulin resistance
Symptoms: Elevated blood sugar, increased thirst, tiredness
Hyperthyroidism / Hypothyroidism
Thyroid that is either overactive or underactive
Impacts metabolism, energy levels, and weight
Addison’s Disease
Insufficient cortisol and aldosterone
Symptoms: Tiredness, low blood pressure
Dwarfism
Caused by an imbalance in growth hormone
Cushing’s Syndrome
Excess cortisol production
Symptoms: Weight gain, high blood pressure