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Endocrine System Jasmine Baez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System
Jasmine Baez
Period 5
Major Functions
Sexual Function & Reproduction:
Secrete hormones that produce GnRH, FSH, LH, Estrogen, and Testosterone.
Growth & Development
: Hormones influence bodily functions like tissue, bone growth, metabolism, and sexual development.
Mood Regulation:
Releases hormones like
Cortisol
to to manage stress (also adrenaline). Influence moods using dopamine and serotonin. Also influences a persons internal clock.
Metabolism:
Secretes hormones (chemical messengers) influencing energy production and glucose regulation.
Steroid
vs.
Non-steroid
hormones
Steroid Hormones
lipid soluble
diffuse/pass through target cell membrane
Can bind to receptors inside of cell
Non-steroid Hormones
Not lipid soluble
Cannot diffuse across cell membrane
Bind to receptors ON target cell membrane
Homeostatic mechanisms
of hormone regulation
Negative feedback:
Inhibit hormone effects and inhibit more hormone release. Triggered by
Endocrine Stimuli
and
Nervous System modulation.
Endocrine Stimuli
Humoral Stimuli:
Changes in blood levels of ions & nutrients.
Neural Stimuli:
Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.
Hormonal Stimuli:
Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs.
Nervous System modulation
Adjusts hormone levels when needed (modifying stimulation/inhibition of glands)
Can also override normally endocrine controls.
Positive feedback:
Oxytocin
During childbirth Oxytocin causes stronger uterine contractions. More pressure -> more oxytocin -> stronger contractions -> repeat. Stops when baby is born
When breastfeeding, nerve signals stimulates hypothalamus -> posterior pituitary gland. Oxytocin cause milk ejection. Stops when baby stops nursing.
Diseases
Diabetes Insipidus
ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland (Must keep well hydrated)
Hypersecretion of GH by anterior pituitary gland
- Gigantism
occurs in children; can be 8ft tall
- Acromegaly
occurs in adults; Overgrowth of hands, feet, and face
Hypersecretion of GH
- Pituitary dwarfism
in children; may only be 4ft tall
Hypersecretion of TH
= Immune system produces TSH-mimicking antibodies that overstimulate the thyroid. Symptoms = High metabolic rate, swelling, rapid/irregular heartbeat. Treatment = Surgical removal of
Thyroid
Hyposecretion of TH
= Called myxedema in adults, too little TH. Symptoms = low metabolic rate, thick/dry skin, constipation.
Congenital Hypothyroidism
(in infants) = Poor development of
Thyroid
. Symptoms = Can be asymptomatic, poor feeding, constipation. Treatment = Lifelong TH replacement is essential.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Type 1
= Hyposecretion of insulin;
Type 2
= Hypoactivity of insulin.
3 cardinal signs
1.
Polyuria
- Excessive urination, 2.
Polydipsia
- Excessive thirst, 3.
Polyphagia
- Excessive hunger.
Glands
Thyroid Gland
- Thyroxine (T4)
= Increase rate of energy release, increases rate protein synthesis, accelerates growth, necessary for normal nervous system maturation
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
= Same as T4 but 5x more potent (stronger)
- Calcitonin
= Lowers calcium/phosphate ion concentrations by depositing it into bone matrix
Pineal Gland
- Melatonin
= Affects time of puberty, internal clock, production of antioxidant/detoxification molecules in cells
Parathyroid Glands
- Parathyroid hormone
= Increases calcium/phosphate ion concentrations from bone matrix when calcium is low
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Lobe:
- Growth Hormone (GH)
= Stimulates an increase in the size & division rate of body cells (like amino-acids)
- Prolactin (PRL)
= Sustain milk production after birth
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
= Controls secretion of hormones from
thyroid gland
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
= Controls secretion of curtain hormones from
adrenal gland
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
= Development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries; production of sperm
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
= Promotes secretion of sex hormones; plays a role in releasing egg cells in females
Posterior Lobe:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
= Targets kidneys to conserve water to inhibit/prevent urine formation
- Oxytocin (OT)
= Hormonal trigger for milk production and stimulant of uterine walls contractions during childbirth
Adrenal Gland
Inner Medulla
- Epinephrine
= Directly makes blood vessels constrict and blood pressure goes up
- Norepinephrine
= Like
epinephrine
BUT
has more control of the peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
Outer Cortex
- Cortisol
= Synthesis of glucose from protein and fat. Slows down action of defense cells. Controls inflammation & allergy
- Aldosterone
= Maintains the salt water (Na+) levels by acting in kidney. Maintains blood pressure
Organs
Pancreas
- Glucagon
Increase level of glucose (blood sugar) by breaking down the glycogen using the
liver
- Insulin
= Decreases the level of glucose (blood sugar) making the
liver
make glycogen
Ovaries
- Estrogen
= Promotes oogenesis & follicle growth in ovary. Helps induce female secondary characteristics
- Progesterone
= Works with
estrogen
to establish & regulate uterine cycle. During pregnancy inhibits uterine motility & help prepare breast for lactation
Thymus
- Thymosins
= Affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes
Testes
- Testosterone
= Synthesized from cholesterol, prompts spermatogenesis & targets all accessory organs
Hypothalamus
Secretes releasing & inhibiting hormones to
anterior pituitary gland
to regulate hormone secretion
Placenta
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
= Stimulates the corpus luteum to produce
progesterone
to maintain the pregnancy