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Mae Stansbury, Period 5, Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Has two lobes, anterior and posterior. The anterior is made of glandular tissue and the posterior is made of neural tissue. Posterior secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. Anterior secretes growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin.
        
        Anterior Pituitary Hormones
        
        Growth Hormone (GH): has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
        
        Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): stimulates normal development and Secretory activity of thyroid and is inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones
        
        Adrenocortocotropic Hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
        
        Gonadotropins
        
        Luteinizing hormone (LH): production of gonadal hormones, in females it helps mature follicles of egg, triggers ovulation and release of estrogen and progesterone, and in males it stimulates the production of testosterone
        
        Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): stimulates production of gametes like egg and sperm
        
        Prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production in females
        
        Posterior Pituitary Hormones
        
        Oxytocin: strong stimulant of uterine contractions released during childbirth and acts as a hormonal trigger for milk ejection, acts as a neurotransmitter in brain
        
        Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors that monitor solute concentrations, targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit urine formation, release is triggered by pain, low blood pressure, and drugs, it is prevented by alcohol and diuretics
    - - Is the major metabolic hormone released. Secretes the T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) hormones as well as calcitonin.
        
        Thyroxine and Triiodothyronin: increase rate of energy release from carbs, increases rate of protein synthesis, accelerates growth, necessary fro normal nervous system maturation, one difference is triiodothyronin is more potent than thyroxine.
        
        Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations by stimulating deposition of calcium and phosphate into bones, inhibiting release of ions from bones, and by increasing excretion of ions by kidneys
    - - These are 4 to 8 yellow-brown glands that are embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid and they are responsible for secreting the parathyroid hormone.
        
        Parathyroid Hormone: increases blood calcium ion concetration, decreases phosphate ion concentration, stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts to release calcium into blood, stimulates calcium conservation in kidney, helps activation of vitamin D by kidneys for calcium absorption in intestines
    - - The adrenal gland is made up of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The cortex has 3 cortical cells that synthesize and secrete hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. The medulla synthesizes catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine
        
        Adrenal Cortex Hormones
        
        Cortisol: synthesis of glucose from protein and fat, slows down the action of defense cells, controls inflammation and allergy
        
        Aldosterone: Maintains the salt-water level by acting in kidneys and maintains blood pressure
        
        Adrenal Medulla Hormones
        
        Epinephrine: also known as adrenaline, acs along with sympathetic nervous system during emergency so we resist situations
        
        Norepinephrine: is also known as noradrenaline, acts alone with epinephrine
    - - It is a small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle and it is responsible for secretion of melatonin derived from serotonin
        
        Melatonin: released in order to regulate circadian rhythms of the body, usually released at night and surprised during the day
    - - Connected to the pituitary gland and secretes 8 major hormones.
    - - Triangular gland that is located behind the stomach and has pancreatic islets that have endocrine cells like alpha and beta. These cells are responsible for producing glucagon and insulin.
        
        Insulin: decreases blood level of glucose by stimulating liver to form glucagon, promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells, increases protein synthesis, and stimulates adipose cells to store fat
        
        Glucagon: increases blood level of glucose by stimulating breakdown of glycogen and conversion of no carbohydrates into glucose of liver
    - - They produce same steroid sex hormones as those of the adrenal cortex. Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone while testes produce testosterone.
        
        Ovaries Hormones
        
        Estrogen: develops and maintains female sexual characteristics, regulates menstrual cycle, bone health, cardiovascular health, and brain function
        
        Progesterone: prepares the uterus for pregnancy, supports pregnancy, aids in breast development, and milk production in mammaries
        
        Testes Hormones
        
        Testosterone: develops and maintains male sexual characteristics, spermatogenisis, muscle mass, bone density, libido, metabolism, and red blood cells production
    - - Secretes estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin
        
        Gonadotropin: Maintains pregnancy, stimulates progesterone production, supports early pregnancy