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AUSTRALIA - Coggle Diagram
AUSTRALIA
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Literature
• Evidently, literary tradition began with oral performance, however, much of it is no longer available/forgotten as a result of racist politics of colonial Australia.
• Besides, it has taken an extraordinarily long time before any of these old traditions have ever been acknowledged and translated.
One of the most prominent literary figures of the modern time is Oodgeroo Noonuccal (Kath Walker) (1920-1993) — a black rights activist, poet, environmentalist, and educator.
She was the first Aboriginal writer to have a book of poetry published. Her work focused on the mistreatment and struggles of Aboriginal peoples, earning her a reputation as a protest poet.
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Precolonial era
Archeologists have dated the artefacts of the Aboriginal people to be at least 65,000 years old.
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Indigenous Australians
Aboriginal
• Aborigines went through stages of being conquered through an 'invasion' and taking of their lands.
• European settlers often separated Aborigines from society: Some were removed from their families and placed into institutions. Others were killed because they were seen as a "nuisance"
• 1830s: remnants of the tribes in the settled areas were moved onto Reserves. They were forbidden from teaching their children their language and customs.
• During the 1900s, separation was an official government policy which lasted for many decades.
• Today, many Aboriginal people do not know their origins: which tribe they are descended from or the names of their parents and or grandparents. They are a lost generation.
1967: federal government began to pass legislation to help the Aborigines aimed at improving the living conditions of Aborigines.
In March, striking Aboriginal farmers changed political history by extending a demand for equal wages to a declaration of their rights of ownership of traditional lands.
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Multiculturalism
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debates around national identity. race, and sexuality
Postcolonail era
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Engages with, critiques and reinterprets the British literary canon
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European Exploration
1) Netherlands 1606 (sailed, but didn't settle in Australia)
Made 1 landing, were attacked by Aborigines, stopped their exploration.
2) Britain
1770 -- Captain James Cook sailed around Australia, named it 'New South Wales', claimed the land for England (ignored Aborigines);
1778 -- the 'First Fleet' left England with convicts to establish a prison colony;
1788 -- British prisoners settled in Australia
Prisoners as colonists
After American revolution, Britain stopped sending prisoners to Georgia and chose Australia for this purpose (no chance to escape, no colonies around, few indigenous people)
New South Wales
1788 to 1832 -- penal colony
British transported prisoners here until 1868 (many free immigrants were settling there -- they built businesses, farms, etc.)