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Pseudoscience and ideology - Coggle Diagram
Pseudoscience and ideology
Science
Nature
A dynamic field of research involving systematic inquiry
Mature science characterized by a balance between empirical and theoretical research
Epistemological foundations
Based on realism and rationalism
Seeks truth through empirical, logical, and systematic methods
Structure
C
Community of researchers
S
Society that supports research
D
Real entities as subject matter
G
Philosophy based on materialist ontology and critical realism
F
Formal tools (logic, mathematics)
E
Specific background knowledge from other fields
P
Cognitive problems (search for laws, explanations)
A
Accumulated knowledge, ever-growing and revisable
O
Goals—explanation, prediction, control
M
Explicit, verifiable, and justifiable methods
Decatuple
Not isolated
Active
Simbolized by Einstein
Wide
Discoveries
Ideas or things previously unknown
Reality exploration
Requires hypotheses and tools
Theories and methods
Human creations
Recolection and elaboration of knowledge
Problem-conjecture-test
Description, explanation and prediction
Definition
Conditions enough and needed
What is the concept?
Criteria
Enough conditions
How to recognize and distingish it?
Process
Filling gaps and solving puzzles
Creator
Constructors grow in the brain
Not in the field
Search, formulation and solution of issues
What is?
Particular factual science
Member of a family of investigation fields
Pseudoscience
Nature
A field of belief, not of genuine research
Without being scientific, it is presented as such
Intellectual viruses
Contemporary epistemology is in crisis
"No admits ignorance"
"No gaps"
More easy to learn
Makes extravagant claims that excite the imagination
Epistemological Deficits
Based on dogma, authority, or supernatural beliefs
Lacks real empirical support
Can have massive disastrous effects
Can do very little harm to the well-trained scientist
Structure
C
Community of believers, not critical researchers
F
Lacks formal structure; logic and math rarely used or misused
D
Imaginary or fictitious entities
S
Society may support it for ideological or economic reasons
G
Unscientific ontology and epistemology
Non-concrete or unchanging entities, or events that do not conform to laws
Idealistic gnoseology
Code that mandates searching only
for utility or unanimity
Ethos based on the obstinate defense of dogma
E
Weak or absent specific background from other disciplines
M
Uses unverifiable, unrepeatable methods
A
Stagnant knowledge; lacks testable, and confirmed theorie
P
Vague, poorly formulated or practical questions, not cognitive
O
Practical or ideological ends rather than cognitive aims
Decatuple
Strudctire hardly changes over time
Isolated
Simbolized by Freus
E.g.
Astrology
Inexorably determines the history of individuals
Futurology
Long term predictions of social systems
Applications of catastrophe theory to biology and the social sciences
Misused basic mathematics
Incorrect reasoning
Rejection of basic and well-confirmed scientific theories
Archaic roots
Many of those who adopt superstitions do so because they need extra support in their struggle for life
Knwoledge fields
Pseudoscience as a “field of knowledge”
Mimics science but lacks its methodological rigor and self-correction
Often serves ideological, psychological, or commercial purposes.
Classified as a non-scientific field within the fields of belief
Beliefs fields
Religions
Psedoscience and pseudotechnologies
Total ideologies
Politic ideologies
Untouchables
Investigation fields
Formal sciences
Semantic
Mathematics
Logig
Humanities
Basic/pure sciences
Applied sciences
Physical, biological, social and general technologies
Permanently in flow
Active
Investigate old problems in new ways
Investigate new problems
Critically examine the results of previous research
Design new research lines
Divided into revolutionary and counter-revolutionary
Self-correcting
Aceptable tolerance
Research lines
Both aim to control or modify certain aspects of reality
Both exist because are accepted or at least tolearted
Science as a member of a family of fields of research
Belongs to the broader category of fields of research (not of belief)
Interacts and overlaps with related sciences.
Constant development
Problem-solving
hypothesis testing
Theory building
Example of fields
Physics
Chemistry
Sociology
Biochemistry
Ideology
Simbolized by Marx
Everyone want it and have one
The objective is to have one that harmonizes with genuine knowledge
Semiciencies
Accomplish partially the structure of the science
E.g.
Psicologia fisiologica
Economy
Behavioral psychology
Typically they have large data sets and few theoretical models