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Endocrine System Lydiann Guzman Per. 5 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System Lydiann Guzman Per. 5
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
acts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells
influenced metabolic activities via hormones transported in blood
responses slower but longer lasting than nervous system repsonses
endocrine system controls and integrates:
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
Regulation of cellular metabolisma dn energy balance
Growth and Development
mobilization of body defenses
Reproduction
Major Endocine Glands/Organs and their Functions (seperate by region/ body cavity); include the hormones produced, their Functions and their target organs
cranial cavity (brain)
posterior pituitary gland
oxytocin (OT)
stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during breast feeding
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
regulates water balance and blood pressure
anterior pituitary galnd
luteinizing hormone (LH)
triggers ovulation
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates egg and sperm production
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands
thyroid stimulating hormones ( TSH)
regulates thyroid hormone production
prolactin (PRL)
promotes milk production in mammary glands
growth hormone (GH)
stimulates growth and metabolism
pineal gland
melatonin
regulates sleep-wake cycles and ciradiam rhythms
hypothalamus
stimulates TSH and PRL release
thoracic cavity (chest area)
thyroid gland
triiodothyronine (T3)
more active form of T4, controls metabolism
calcitonin
lowers blood calcium levels, by inhibit bone resorption
thyroxine (T4)
regulates metabolism and energy production
thymus
thymosin
supports t-cell development and maturation
parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone
stimulates osteoclasts to release ca2+, increase ca2+, activate vitamin D
abdominal cavity (stomach area)
adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
cortisol
synthesis of glucose from protein and fat, slows down act of defense cells
aldosterone
maintain salt water levels by acting kidneys, maintains BP
adrenal medulla
epinephrine
acts as sympathetic nervous system (emergency)
norepinephrine
acts along with epinephrine
pancreas
glucagon
raises blood glucose by stimulating release
insulin
lowers blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake
pelvic cavity (genital area)
ovary
estrogen
regulates female reproduction development and menstrual cycle
progesterone
supports pregnancy and prepare the uterus for implantation
placenta
gonadotropin
produces estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin
testis
testosterone
develops male characteristics, supports muscle growth and sperm production
Compare and Contrast Steroid vs. Non-Steriod Hormones and List the Hormones for each Category
amino acid based hormones (non steroid hormones)
amino acid derivatice, peptides, and proteins; water soluble; cannnot pass through the lipid membrane, bind to cell surface receptors; faster action, shorter duration
parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
thyroid gland
calcitonin
thyroxine (T4)
lipid soluble
triiodothyronine
posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin
adrenal medulla
epinephrine
water soluble
norepinephrine
anterior pituitary
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin
luteinizing hormone (LH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
hypothalamus
dopamine
water soluble
pancreas
insulin
glucagon
steriods
synthesized from cholesterol; gonadal and adrenocorttical hormones; lipid soluble; can pass through the cell membrane due to lipid solubility, bind to intracellular receptors; slower onset, longer lasting effects
ovaries
estrogen
progesterone
testes
testosterone
adrenal cortex
cortisol
aldosterone
kidneys
calcitriol (active vitamine D)
Homeostatic Mechanisms of Hormone Regulation (negative and positive feedback)
up regulation
target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
down regulation
target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
negative feedback
maintains homeostasis, prevents excessive hormone production, hormone secretion is reduced
examples:
thyroid hormone regulaion
2) TRH stimulates the pituitary to release TSH
3) TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release T3 and T4
1) hypothalamus secretes TRH
4) high levels of T3/T4 inhibit both TRH and TSH production (negative feedback)
blood glucose regulation
high blood sugar →pancreas release insulin (lowers blood sugar)
low blood sugar →pancreas release glucagon (raises blood sugar)
positive feedback
drives processes to completion, not homeostasis, less common than negative feeback, hormone secretion is increased
examples:
childbirth
2) stretching signals the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
3) oxytoxin causes stronger uterine contractions
1) babys head stretches cervix
4) more stretching →more oxytocin→more contractions
5) loop ends when the baby is born
lactation
1) baby suckles →stimulates nerve endings
2) nerve signals →release of oxytocin
3) oxytocin causes milk ejection
4) continued suckling →continued oxytocin release
5) loop ends when suckling stops
Diseases associated with the Endocrine System
diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary, must keel well hydrated
hypersecretion of GH is usually cause by anterior pituitary tumor
children
results in gigantism
can reach heights of 8 feet
adults
results in acromegaly
overgrowth of hands, feet, and face
hyposecretion of GH
children
results in pituitary dwarfism
may reach heights of only 4 feet
adults
usually causes no problems
hyposecretion of TH
leads to myxedema
symptoms: low metabolic rate, thick and'or dry skin, puffy eyes, feeling chilled, constipation, edema, mental sluggishness, lethargy; lack of iodine (goiter)
congenital hypothyroidism
caused by poor development of thyroid gland
may be asymptomatic or present with weak cry, poor feeding, constipation, or prolonged jaundice
hypersecretion of TH
common type: Graves disease
symptoms: elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats, nervousness, and weight loss despite adequate food
treatment: surgical removal of thyroid or rasioactive iodine to destroy active thyroid cells
hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
Addison's disease
decrease in plasma glucose and Na+ levels
weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension
treatment: corticosteroid replacement therapy
hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
Cushing's syndrome/disease
depressed cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
causes: tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, or adrenal cortex; overuse of corticosteriods
treatment: removal of tumor, discontinuation of drugs
diabetes mellitus (DM)
can be due to:
hypoactivity of insulin: Type 2
hyposecretion of insulin: Type 1
3 cardinal signs of DM:
polyphagia
excessive hunger and food consumption
cells cannot take up glucose and are "starving"
polydipsia
excessive thirst
from water loss due to polyuria
polyuria
huge urine output
glucose acts as osmotic diuretic
hyperinsulinism
excessive insulin secretion
causes hypoglycemia: low blood glucose levels
symptoms: anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, even death
treatment: sugar ingestion