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social studies chapt 3,4,5, chapt 5, chapter 4 !, strengthening…

- - - - most people have the same needs, water, food shelter
    - - people may have differing needs for wellbeing. For eg, an individual may see having a job as important, while a richer individual may not see it as a need
    - - things that directly or indirectly help someone fulfil their needs for wellbeing. An individual who sees a job as a necessity may have an interest in buying a private vehicle to commute to work easily
        
        a person's interest may also be another persons needs. For example, a healthy senior may have an interest in exercising. However, for a senior citizen who is advised by a doctor, it may be a need
  - - - for example, building expressways would improve traffic flow for commuters. However, this may come at a cost for htose livign near hte expressways who may be affected by the noise generated by the traffic
- - - - The CRL was proposed to serve 600,000 commuters per day, increasing to 1 million in the longer term. The CRL will have the most number of interchange stations, with almost half og them linked to exisiting rail stations
        
        In July 2013, the Nature Soceity Singapore, a non profit and non governmetn organisation dedicated to the enjoyment, conservation, appreciation and study of Singapore's natural heritage, officially raised its concerns abotu the constructionof the CRL
        
        it presented the Singapore governmetn its views on how the CRL would affect the habitats in the Central Catchment nature reserve and recommended adjusting the route to skirt around, rather than passing under the Central Catchment Nature Reserve
        
        before making the final decision on teh CRL route in 2019, the LTA had to consider teh two options carefully
- - - - leaders must be capable and honest. They must make the right decisions for the country, even if it proves to be difficult
  - - - eg. students in government and speicalised schools offer awards based on their character, leaderhsip, conduct, learnign attitudes and academics.
  - - - opportunities are created to encourage Singaporeans to share their views on policies and decision making
        
        an example of a governmetn eld initiative that illustrates this principle is the engagement of citizens in the Singapore Together movement. Launched in June 2019, citizens were encouraged to partner the governmetn and one anotehr to shape and act on tehir shared future in areas that they care about. This can be through parrtnership opporutnies or government support for citizen led iniaitves.
  - - - eg. during the 2019 nantional day rally, the then prime minister Lee Hsien Loong spoke about the impact of climate change on singapore and informed the citizens about the vital actions that the government is taking to prepare the country for the rising sea levels brought about by the climate change. In 2020, 5 million dollars was set aside for the Coastal and Flood protection fund to help the country meet the significant risks fo rising sea levels
- - - - the EIP ensures that there is a mix of various ethnic groups in each HDB block, based on the ethnic make-up of singapore. Since different ethnic groups live in teh saem block, they have opportunities to interact with one another
    - - a group of members of Parliament represents teh interest of resdients in the constituency. At least one of the MPs in the group representign a GRC must belong to the Malay or Indian community, or another minority racial community
    - - given the complexitiies of issues around race and ethnicity, there have been calls for the CMIO catergorisation to be updated. To reflect th egrowing diversity of SIngapore and increasing number of inter-ethnic marriages in Singapore, the double barelled race option was implemented in January 2011, for Singaproean children born to parenrs of different races. The double-barreled option allows for the races of btoh parents to be reflected as the child's race
- - - - In 2016, the ministry of health (MOH) launched a nationwide effort, the war on diabetes, to help Singaporeans manage and prevent diabetes. As part of the effort, MOH organised Singapore's first ever Citizens' Jury to organise community based and community driven recommendations to combat the rpobelm of diabetes
        
        on 14 April 2018, MOH announced that it would support 14 out of th e29 recommensations and explore the remaining 13. A campaign to drink more water was one of the recommendations that received the government's support. The governemnt installed more water coolers in public areas as part of the campaign. Another recommendation that was taken up was a diabetes awareness campaign and curriculum for children
- - - - the group produced a multimedia website to document to rich heritage adn community of Dakota Crescent. It also organised educational workshops in schools to discuss how plans for redevelopment and relocation can be improved
- - - - there are many people, government has to manage trade offs
        
        '' refers to making a decision between two or more things because there are limited resources and both cannot be obtained at the same time. This means more of oen and less of another
        
        for eg. In a space nearby HDB flats, young families may want more childcare facilities like student care, kindergartens to be built, while those with elderly may want more healthcare faciltieis
    - - physical needs
        
        the needs that most people are able to agree on - food, water and shelter
      - wellbeing
        
        different for msot people. eg, a person may see a job as a need to earn money and imprve their standard of living. But a perseon who is more wealthy may not see it as a need
        
        interests are things that directly or indirectly help the fulfilment of needs. eg. those that believe a job is a need, they may be interested in buying a car, allowign them to commute to work faster
    - - though making a decision may benefit society as a whole, a group of people may suffer more
        
        eg. buildign an expressawy near the housign estates may ease traffic flow and people may be able to benefit from smooth traffric. But those livign nearby may be affected by the noise and pollution produced
        
        by deciding what is good, the government must make decisions that people are willing to suffer the costs of
  - - - a good leader must be true and capable, making good decisiosn fro the country even if it proves to be difficult
        
        eg. Mr Lim Kim San, the first chairman of HDB and th eMinsiter for Naational Development. From 1960 to 1963, he led the constructuion of low cost public housing to ease the housing shortage. In slightly over 3 years, the housing development board was able to built 26,000 flats. This was considered an exceptional achievemnt as the Singapore Improvement Trust took over 32 years to built 23,019 estates. Mr LIm chaired hdb for 4 years voluntarily without receving any salary until he became the minister for national development in 1963. During his time as chair, he helped improve the building and finance process, making it quicker and cheaper to build housing estates for the people
    - - refers to giving people opportuniesi and rewards based on their efforts, regardless of their family background, race and religion
        
        when people are rewarded based on their efforts, they are also more encouraged to work harder
        
        eg. public and specialised schools award students based on theri academic performance, conduct, values, character
    - - by giving everyone a stake in the country, people are more motivated to contribute to the good of soceity
        
        eg. the Singapore Together movement illustrates the govenrmetn and citizens working together. Launched in 2019, the citizens are encouraged to partner the governemtn and each other to shape their shared future. This can be done through governemtn partnership or community initatives
    - - during the 2019 national day rally, the then pm Lee Hsien Loong informed the Singaporeans about the impact of climate change on Singapore. He shared the vital and early actions that the governemtn is taking to manage the rising sea levels caused by climate change
        
        the government must be forward looking to minimise threats and maximise opportunities for the citizens
  - - - eg. in January 2013, the Singapore govenmetn announced the construction of the eighth Mass Rapid Transit line, Cross Island Line. Once built, it is estimate to serve 600,000 commuters and would increase to 1 million per day in the future and have the most interchange stations connecting it, with almost half of them linked to existing stations. It is the longest underground line that connects major hubs such as Punggol Digital District and Jurong Lake District. The CRL was proposed to be built underground and pass through the central catchment nature reserve.
        
        in July 2013, the National Soceity Singapore, a non profit and non governemtn organisation, dedicated to the appreciation, enjoyment, study adn conservation of SIngapore's natural heritage officially raised its concerns about the CRL
        
        they felt that the CRL would affect the flora and fauna in the central catchment nature reserve and suggested an alternative route that skirts around the nature reserve. The Land Transport AUthority must make careful consideration before making the final decision in 2019
- - - - efforts by government
        
        the gvoernment agencies work togeth with community groups to ensure that the elderly are engaged, healthy and active. They help to develop resources and enhance the capabiliteis of the SSA
        
        eg. the National Council Of Social Services (NCSS) has worked together with community groups to form the VOlunteer Management Toolkit 2.0, to help community groups manage volunteers more efficiently and effectively. It partnered with several community groups which shared their best volunteer management practices that were shared with the rest of the SSAs for shared learning
      - efforts by indivdiuals
        
        an example of an individual is Mdm Malligesvari who actively contributes to the good fo society. She identified areas of need in her community that she was passionate adn concerned about and she felt that she could use her skills, knowledge and experience to help others, through the RSVP Singapore
      - efforts by communities
        
        RSVP Singapore is an example of a social service agency, a formal gorup set up by citizens. Formed in 1998, the RSVP Singapore actively provides oppotunirites for the elderly to contribute to the good of society through volunteerism. The group believs that th eeldelry play a vital role in soceity. The sernior volunteers at RSVP SIngapore serves over 200,000 beneficiaries a year including teh socially isolate, teh mentally disadvantaged, at-risk children from low income families and elderly patients recently discharged from the hospital. The RSVP Singapore also runs the Volunteer Learnign Centre, where qualified senior cvolunteers train other volunteers
  - - - Reaching Everyone for Active Citizenry @ Home (REACH) is a national feedback and enganement unit under the Ministry of communications and information. They encourage citizens to share their views on public policies and theri concerns and issues. The shared feedback is then consolidated adn shared to relevant government agencies
        
        In 2016, the ministry of health launched a nationwide effrot, teh War on Diabetes, to help Singaporeans prevent and manage diabetes. The govenremtn also introduced the first ever Citizens Jury to help suggest community driven adn community based efforts recommendations
        
        the MOH then announced that it would be carrying out 14 out of the 28 recommendations gvien by the Citizens Jury and will continue to explore the remaining 13. Oe of the campaigns that received governmetn support was to drink more plain water. As part of the campagin, more water coolers were installed in public areas and another campaign was a diabetes awareness campaign to educate the children
  - - - various citizens joined the between tow homes intiative. They conducted interviews with residents and shared their stories online. When they were aware of the needs of residents at Dakota Crescent, many formed the Cassia Resettlemtn Team (CRT), which aims to help the residents before, during and after the relocation. They conduct weekly hosue visits and potluck parties
    - - Our I=Singapore Fund, launched in 2016, aims to provide funds for start up projects that promote social and community needs and build the nations idenitty. Successful applicants may receive up to 20,000 with a maximum of 80 percent of the costs
        
        as of 2020, the Ministry of culture, youth and __ has disbursed 4.3 million dollars for 800 ground up prokects, including Between Two Homes.
    - - mr cai yin zhou from dakota adventures (a social media initiative) and mr jeremy ho from Run adn Gun media (a private media company) came together to form na informal group called bewteen two homes in 2016
        
        the group envisoned using this as a case study to show how a community can come together and care for the needs of others to help them relocate
        
        they created a multimedia platform to share the rich cultural heritage of Dakota Crescent and conducted educational workshops to discuss with students how the relocation adn resettlement of teh residents can be improved
- - - - refers to the background of someone, their level of education wealth and income
        
        in Singapore, an individual or a household's income is indicator of theri socio-economic status. This information helps the govenrment to identify the people that require additional assistance and more targetted help can be given
        
        eg. some low income families may not have the resources to support their child's development. To ensure that children have a good start in life, the Singapore government has introduced the KidSTART Programme for children aged 6 and under
    - - race and ethnicity
        
        race refers to the biological classification of people based on theri physical characteristics such as their bone and jaw structure and the colour of their skin, eyes and hair. They usually vary according to race
        
        the CMIO categorisation has helped the governemnt make decisions regarding race and ethncity.
        
        the Ethnic Integration Policy was established in 1989 to encourage harmony and interction between the different ethnicites, And to prevent the rise of ethnic enclaves. The EIP ensures that there is a variety of ethnicites livign in each block. This allows for opportunities for interactions
        
        the group representation constituency was establisehd in 1988 to ensrue that all minority racial communities in singapore represented in Parliament. A group of members of parliament represent the interest of residents. At least one of the MPs in the constituency must belong to the malay, indian or another minority race community
        
        Given teh complexities around issues of ethnicty and race, there have been calls to update the GMIO categorisation. To accommodate the increasingly diverse society in Singapore and to increasing number of inter ethnic marriages, the double barreled option was introduced in January 2011 for Singapore children born to parents of two different races. This allows for both parent's races to be reflected as the childs
        
        ethnicity refers to the culture of a group of people that share the same ancestry customs and have unique traditions and practices that distinguish them from other groups in soceity
        
        in Southeast Asia, different ethnic groups have theri unique customs, languages and practices. In Singapore, within the Malay community, there are many different ethnic groups like the Javanese and the Bugis
      - relgion
        
        relgion is the organised collection fo attitudes, values, world views, practices adn beliefs. it often involves the worship of a god ro a group of god, it has a narrative or an account to describe the meaning of life and the origin. And many religions promote love, compassion adn respect
        
        Individuals choose their religion, or are decided by birth. Believers keep to theri practices and beliefs regardless fo theri race, naitonality and ethnicity. This can affect their thinking, the decisions and choices they make as well as how they communicate with others
        
        since singapore is a multi relgious societ, the different religions can shape the idenitty and way of life for believers
      - nationality
        
        people of the same nationality are gernerally citizens of teh same country adn live in a particular geographical area. They usually share a common history adn language as wella s common experiences, practices and traditions
        
        people may feel more connected to those of the same nationality as they feel a sense of belonging and national identity, due to the common history, languaeg and culture