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Psychosis - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Mechanisms and receptors/channels involved
        
        NMDA (+), GABA (-), Ca2+ voltage gated channels, Na+ channels, AMPA
        
        Na+ voltage gated channel
        
        3 conformations depending on membrane potential: open, close, inactive
        
        Drugs should target the channel in the inactive state, because this is a sign of high brain activity (the channels goes around the 3 conformations rapidly)
        
        Phenitoil
        
        Potentially, also other districts are targeted, causing side effects
        
        1 more item...
        
        Ca2+ channels
        
        inhibited by
        
        Ethosuximide
        
        Valproic acid
        
        GABA-A R
        
        BZD: PAM
        
        Barbituric acid: full agonist
        
        Side effects: sedation + respiratory arrest + death (at much higher concentrations)
        
        New generations of drugs mimicking GABA
        
        They stimulate GABAergic transmission, even though they do not act directly on GABA
        
        SV2A
        
        Expressed in Glutamatergic neurons, controlling Glu release
        
        Reduction in the release of Glu through Latveracetam
        
        Mitochondria involvement: ROS production and activation of caspases, causing apoptosis or necrosis
        
        Ketogenic diet targets mitochondria, especially in neurons + astrocytes (main responsible for energy production in CNS)
        
        Balances energy production
        
        Reduces ROS
        
        Promotes the switch from Glu to GABA
        
        Reduces inflammation
        
        However, it's also associated with side effects, especially in children
        
        CBRs are also expressed in mitochondria
        
        Overexpression in seizures
        
        Downregulation of CBRs used to treat seizures
        
        Desensitization upon chronic agonist exposure (cannabinoid treatment)
        
        Also involved in IS suppression and addiction