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Lecture 17: Blue Carbon, How NbS solves global warming impacts and…

- - - - Design streets and buildings to mimic natural systems (e.g., sponge cities with permeable pavements to manage stormwater).
    - - Integrate green roofs, urban wetlands, and vertical gardens to support pollinators and reduce heat islands
        "People working with nature"
    - - Restore coastal ecosystems (mangroves, salt marshes) in cities like Hong Kong to sequester carbon, buffer storms, and enhance fisheries.
      - Natural process (adding nitrogen to the nitrogen-limiting ocean for the algae to intake) vs. industrial process (e.g., mineral sequestration through industrial process)
- - - - Tidal Salt Marshes: Long-term carbon accumulation rate = 210 gC/m²/year (highest among coastal ecosystems).
      - Mangroves: Soil carbon stock = 139 × 10¹⁵ gC, far exceeding tropical forests (216 × 10¹⁵ gC for soil).
  - - - Mangroves store 2,000–2,500 tCO2eq/ha in soil organic carbon (vs. tropical forests: ~200 tCO2eq/ha in soil).
      - Destruction releases buried carbon; draining 1 ha of mangrove soil emits ~1,000 tCO₂ (oxidation of organic matter).
      - Case Example: Southeast Asia lost 30–50% of mangroves since 1980, contributing to regional CO₂ spikes.