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German History: 4 Ethnic Minorities - The Third Reich - Coggle Diagram
German History: 4 Ethnic Minorities - The Third Reich
Phase 1 - 1933-38 - Loss of civil rights and exclusion
Boycott of Jewish shops and businesses (April 1933)
Nazis initially moderate due to political and economic concerns
Pressure from SA led to boycott
Unpopular domestically and internationally (especially in the US)
Had to change approach to antisemitism
Exclusion from civil service
Law for the Restoration of the Professional civil service (April 1933)
All Jews (not those who served in WW1) excluded from the civil service and universities
Loss of German Citizenship and Civil Rights
Nuremberg Laws announced September 1935
Reich Citizenship Law - excluded Jews from citizenship rights based on racial criteria
Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour - Stopped marriage or between Jews and non-Jews also Jews had to have a Jewish name or add Israel/ Sara to their existing name
Exclusion from public spaces and services
"Jews not allowed" signs at public places and recreational facilities
Discrimination accessing public services eg hospitals and libraries
Children restricted to access public schooling
Phase 2 - November 1938 - Kristalnacht
Events
Night of the 9th-10th of November 1938
Nazis vandalised Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues and schools which were destroyed, looted and set on fire
7500 shops and 520 synagogues destroyed
91 Jews officially (likely more) killed and 30,000 sent to camps
Triggered by assassination of German diplomat Ernst Von Rath by Jewish refugee Herschel Grynszpan in Paris
Reaction
Those who had been indoctrinated contributed and participated
Some groups quietly resisted and helped Jews avoid persecution
Catholic and protestant leaders spoke out against the violence
Many across the world spoke out against the persecution
Impact
Expropriation of property and assets
'Aryanisation'
Jews fined 1 billion Reichmarks due to damage of property
Jewish businesses seized by the state
Acceleration of immigration
November 1938 to September 1939 115,000 Jews left Germany adding to the 400,000 which had already left under the Nazis
Idea of the "Madagascar Plan" to relocate Jewish population
Phase 3 - 1939-41 - Ghettos and Mass Murder on the Easter Front
Ghetto
Served as a means of segregation, oppression and exploitation of Jews
Established major urban centres like Warsaw, Lodz, Krakow and Lublin
Extremely overcrowded and unsanitary
Jews were very restricted and were beaten or even executed if they disobeyed
Extreme food shortages
The Einsatzgruppen
Implemented the Nazi genocidal policies
Massacres like at Babi Yar near Kiev where 33,771 Jews were killed
1/2 million Jews were shot by 1941
Outbreak of war : turning point in Nazi Jewish policy
Due to the invasion of the Eastern European countries there were even more Jews under Nazi control
Ghettos functioned as holding areas before being transported to concentration and extermination camps
Einsatzgruppen operations resulted in the systematic extermination of millions of Jews through mass shootings
Phase 4 - 1941-45 - The Holocaust
The Wannsee Conference : a turning point
Held on the 20th January 1942 to coordinate the implementation of the Final Solution
Heydrich outlined the logistics and methods of murder (mainly gas)
Not attended by Hitler
Marked beginning of centralised and organised approach to genocide
Extermination camps like Sobibor and Treblinka were quickly constructed
These Sobibor, Treblinka and Belzec were responsible for 1,700,000 deaths (shut in 1943 as Jews from Polish ghettos had all been killed - no trace left today)
Auschwitz-Birkenau was the largest extermination camp killing Jews from all over Europe
1.1 to 1.5 million killed at Auschwitz 90% of them were Jews
6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis
The death marches
Forced marches of the prisoners in the last few months of WW2
To evacuate prisoners and prevent liberation
Had brutal and harsh conditions
Those who couldn't keep up were shot or left to die