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Chapter 25: Plant Colonization - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 25: Plant Colonization
Land Invasion
Derived Characteristics
Alternation of Generations
Plant Sporophyte (2n) Makes Huge Number of Unique Offspring Per Fertilization (Compare to Charophyte)
Walled Haploid Spores
Dispersal Through Air
Sporopollenin Protects from Desiccation & UV Light
Made Within Multicellular Sporangium
Multicellular Gametangia
Protects Sperm Within Antheridium
Protects Egg Within Archegonium
Site of Fertilization
Formation of Zygote
Sporophyte Embryos
Grow Protected Within Female Gametophyte
Nourished via Placental Transfer Cells
Apical Meristems
Continuously Dividing (Mitotically Active) Cells
Roots & Shoots Grow Toward Resources
Waxy Cuticle
Stops Desiccation
Controllable Stomata
Allows Gas Exchange
Secondary Compounds
Chemicals Deter, Repel, or Poison Competitors, Herbivores & Parasites
Caffeine
Latex Rubber
Mycorrhizae
Mutualism with Fungi Helps Water & Mineral Absorption
Dates Back to First Land Plants (Before True Roots)
Diversification
Bryophyte-Like Ancestor of Plants ~470 MYA
Cuticle & Coated Spores Shared by All
Vascular Tissue After Bryophytes
Seeds After Seedless Vascular Plants
Flowers After Gymnosperms
Algal Ancestry
Chlorophytes, Charophytes & Plantae
Cellulose Cell Walls
Chloroplasts with Chlorophyll a & b
Starch Storage Molecule
Multicellular
Charophytes
Zygote Performs Meiosis to Produce Only Four Diverse Offspring
Only Multicellular Generation is Haploid
Selection for Land Life
Multicellular Green Algae
Populations with Land Adaptations Thrive
Divided Resources
No "Support" in Open Air
More Resources & Less Competition
Higher Carbon Dioxide
More Minerals
Higher Light Intensity
No Herbivores
Expands from Shallow Seas to Rivers & Lakes 470 MYA
Subjected to Periodic Dehydration
Desiccation in Adults & Gametes
First Plants Similar to Liverworts
Charophytes & Plantae
Sporopollenin
Protects Pollen Grains in Seed Plants
Durable Polymer
Protects Spores in Seedless Plants
Protects Zygotes in Charophytes
Similar Flagellated Sperm
Cytokinesis
Cellulose Synthesis Proteins
Bryophytes
Characteristics
Dependent Diploid Sporophyte
Depends on Gametophyte for Food & Water
Grows Within Archegonium of Gametophyte
Sporangium Makes Many Haploid Spores
Dominant Haploid Gametophyte
Makes Eggs & Flagellated Sperm
Small & Low Growing in Moist Areas
Longest Lasting & Largest
Lacks Vascular & Supportive Tissue
Very Thin Body Depends on Diffusion
Rhizoids
Not True Roots
No Apical Meristem
Moss Life Cycle
Protonema Differentiates Into Bud
Gametophore Grows
Germinating Spore (n) Becomes Protonema
Mitosis in Antheridia & Archegonia Makes Gametes
Protonemata
Premature Gametophyte
Haploid
Fertilization Takes Place in Archegonium
Diploid Zygote Becomes Embryo
Young Sporophyte Matures
Female Gametophyte (n)
Seta (2n Sporophyte)
Foot (2n)
Capsule (2n Sporangium)
Classification
Liverworts
Phylum Hepatophyta
Mosses
Phylum Bryophyta
Hornworts
Phylum Anthocerophyta
Ecological Importance
Producers
First Degree in Cold or High Regions
Sphagnum Bogs
Peat Moss Important in Wetlands
Harvested for Fuel & Gardening
Pioneer Species
Grows in Poor Soils Where Others Won't
Vascular Evolution
Photosynthesis Increase
Improved Access to Light from Many Stems
No Need for Food from Gametophyte
Becomes Dominant Part of Life Cycle
Roots Evolve
Mutation Changed Tropism (Underground Stems)
Anchor Larger Plant
Absorb Water & Minerals
Mycorrhizae Helped
Supportive Vascular Tissue
Larger, Taller Sporophytes
Phloem Moves Sugars & Organic Products Down
Xylem Carries Water & Minerals Up
Most Vascular Plants Have Tracheids (Xylem Tubes) with Walls Strengthened by Tough Lignin Polymer (Woody)
Arranged in Continuous, Branching Bundles of Tubular Cells Connected End-to-End
Bulk Flow Over Longer Distances
Leaves Evolve
Branched Stems
Microphylls
First with Single Vein of Unbranched Vascular Tissue
Still & Only Present in Lycophytes
Megaphylls of Branched Veins in Monilophytes & Seed Plants
Sporangia
Shift to Leaves
Sporophylls
Sori
Clusters of Sporangia on Sporophylls
Strobilus
Cone-Like Group of Sporophylls
Sporophyte Branching
Unbranched to Branching
One to Many
More Spores, More Offspring
Seedless Vascular Plants
Success Changed Paleozoic World
Covered Earth, Increasing Organic Carbon for Food & Soil
Increased Oxygen Levels, Decreased Carbon Dioxide Levels
Favored Success of Land Animals
Tree-Size Seedless Forests in Carboniferous Swamps Formed Coal Deposits During Paleozoic Era
Extant Seedless Vascular Plants
Monilophyta
Whisk Ferns
Dichotomous Branching
No True Leaves or Roots (Lost Secondarily)
Horsetails
Jointed Hollow Stems with Tiny Leaves
Strobili
Pioneers
Ferns
Most Widespread & Diverse Monilophytes
Large Fiddlehead Megaphylls
Sori on Underside of Sporophylls
Mostly in Understory or as Epiphytes (On Surface of Plant)
Some Tree-Sized with Joined Stems
Life Cycle
Sporangium Cluster of Haploid Spores
Developing Gametophyte in Germinating Spores
Sorus Cluster of Sporangium
Rhizoids Underneath
Diploid Sporophyte (Dominant)
Archegonia (Eggs) & Antheridia (Sperm, Need Water to Swim)
Not Dependent on Gametophyte
Young Sporophyte & Gametophyte
Lycophyta
Relict Group
Closest Group to Ancestral Vascular Plants
Very Small with Microphylls & Strobili
Club Moss & Spike Moss (Not Really Moss)