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PARTIES, The 2019 manifesto commitment to not borrowing to fund day-to-day…
PARTIES
LIB-DEMS
- Formed in 1987 through the merger of the Liberal party (the extension of the franchise to the working class led to the downfall of the liberal party as they lost their votes to Labour). and the SDP (The SDP broke away from the Labour party as they felt it had become too left-wing).
Even though the party has been most associated with liberalism, both in the classical liberal belief in a minimal state and a modern liberal belief in social and economic intervention in order to grant necessary freedom to individuals. Both ideas are united with individualism and liberty, favouring equal rights of opportunity and a tolerant society that celebrates diversity. The relationship between the people and the state should be defined in a constitution. In foreign policy, libdems come together around a liberal internationalist approach that places working through global institutions such as the UN to tackle global issues like climate change and human rights abuses.
Liberals believe about human nature that humans are rational, responsible and ambitious enough to manage freedom. Thatcher was very inspired by liberalism.
CENTRE RIGHT:
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Law and order:
An extra £1bn spent a year on policing, which will place two new police officers in every UK council ward
CENTRE LEFT:
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Influence on welfare:
- An extra £7bn per year for health and social care that would come from putting one penny in the pound on income tax
- Free childcare for all children aged between 2 and, payed for a corporation tax rise.
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TORIES
One-Nation
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Influence on welfare:
- The 2019 manifesto pledged build 40 more hospitals, hiring 17k more doctors and nurses and increasing spending by 3.4% more per year
- The 2021 budget showed that public spending as a share of the GDP would only be 2.1% higher than pre-pandemic levels in 2025-2026 suggesting very limited room for further public service investment
Influence on economy:
- Increase in national living wage and the first 12.5k of income being untaxed
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New-Right
Founded by Thatcher who wanted a significant rollback of state intervention which she believed was otherwise contributing to the creation of a 'nanny state'
Thatcherism was deemed a counter-revolution for being a kind of radical conservatism. Thatcher wanted a roll back on economic state intervention but wanted the state involved in preventing the spread of liberal ideas.
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Influence on welfare:
- The benefit system was cut and restructured with the introduction of the benefits cap, universal credit and the benefits freeze during the period 2010-2019.
- Cuts to public spending (austerity) were made.
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The conservative belief of the nature of human nature is that it is ambitious and competitive. The belief about society is that it should be able to thrive organically.
LABOUR
Its origins are found in trade union movements and its domination following the fall of the liberals as the main leftist party within the UK.
OLD LABOUR:
Mostly contingent with socialist values. Belief in a mixed economy, Keynesian economics and 'cradle to the grave' welfare. Attlee is a particularly strong example of this, his mass nationalisation is probably the most socialist influence we've had within the country.
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Influence on welfare:
- Raise minimum wage to "at least £10 per hour by 2020"
- NHS will receive more than £30bn in extra funding over the next parliament
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Influence on economy:
- Corbryn wanted a 40% tax rate for those earning 50,000 a year.
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NEW LABOUR:
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Influence on welfare:
- Benefit cuts (disability benefits) which have massively angered the left of the party. The argument is that these are supposed to act as a 'hand-up' and these cuts will act as an incentive to get people back into the workplace
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Began from Blair's design to move the party more centre and appeal to an increasingly middle class electorate. Blair realised that Labour's socialism and Thatcher's transformation of the political party were preventing Labour from getting into government. They had been massively defeated since Callaghan was voted out with a vote of no confidence.
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- The 2019 manifesto commitment to not borrowing to fund day-to-day spending, and limiting infrastructure spending to no more than 3% of the GDP with the aim of reducing the debt by the end of parliament
- A strong commitment to free trade and a points-based immigration system
- During Johnson's leadership campaign, he pledged to raise the threshold for paying the 40% tax rate from £50,000 to £80,000 per year