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Religious reforms & Hispanic dominance - Coggle Diagram
Religious reforms & Hispanic dominance
Religious reforms
The Catholic Church in crisis
At the beginning of the Modern Age, the authority of the Catholic Church was being challenged
Humanism
promoted individual interpretation of the Bible
authoritarian monarchies
monarchs had more control over the Church
weakened the authority of the pope
buying and selling of indulgences was introduced
sins could be pardoned in exchange for money given to the Church
For Catholics, this was a way of becoming more relaxed
morally
spiritually
Catholics no longer feared going to hell
criticised by
priests
humanists
some people called for reforms
Living humbly
Correcting moral standarts
Preventing corruption
Despite this, the Church was resistant to change
Catholic society believed that sin was the root of all evil
epidemics
war
famine
The Protestant reformation
The Lutheran Reformation
first religious reform of the 16th century
started by the German friar Martin Luther
opposed Pope Leo X’s proposal to grant indulgences in exchange for money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican
In 1517, Luther wrote his Ninety-five Theses criticising indulgences
Thanks to the printing press, they were circulated widely
Luther developed his own doctrine based on individual Christianity
Lutheran ideas spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Carlos V first tried to seek a compromise between Luther and the Catholic Church
However, he later condemned Lutheranism at two imperial assemblies
the Diet of Speyer (1529)
six reformist princes and fourteen cities protested Luther’s condemnation. They therefore became known as Protestants
the Diet of Worms (1521)
Calvinism
French priest called John Calvin (1509–1564) established a theocracy in Geneva
based on
Strict adherence to the Bible
Belief in predestination
Humility and austerity
The Influence of Calvinism
Calvinism spread throughout other European territories and kingdoms
Calvinists in France were called Huguenots
Calvinists in the Low Countries, Scotland and England were called Puritans
The English Reformation
religious reform was more politically motivated than theologically motivated
the Act of Supremacy (1534) was passed
The act granted Henry VIII royal supremacy, meaning he became head of the Church of England, which separated from the Catholic Church
During the 44-year reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603), religious doctrine combined aspects of both Catholicism and Lutheranism
the Anglican Church’s hierarchy was similar to the Catholic hierarchy and included more sacraments
The Catholic Reformation: The Counter-reformation
The Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation by carrying out an internal reform, called the Counter-Reformation
aim
to rectify problems and oppose Protestant doctrine
The Council of Trent was held
a programme of changes was formulated in response to the Protestant Reformation, as well as to stop the crisis in the Catholic Church
Main agreements of the Council of Trent
The Church’s hierarchical structure was reaffirmed
The Vulgate Bible was the only valid version
The seven sacraments and worship of the Virgin Mary and saints were maintained
Priests and the high clergy needed to have better discipline and training
the Inquisition was strengthened
a list of prohibited books, which had been deemed anti-Catholic, was created
the Compañía de Jesús was created by Ignacio de Loyola to promote Catholicism
Lutheran Doctrine/Catholic Doctrine
Lutheran Doctrine
Salvation through faith
Free interpretation of the Bible
Reformation of the Sacraments
Universal priesthood
Religious orders, and the worship of images of the Virgin Mary and saints were prohibited
Catholic Doctrine
To achieve salvation, you must have faith, follow all precepts and do good works
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was the only valid interpretation
official Latin version was known as the Vulgate Bible
The Catholic Church had a well-defined hierarchical structure
Religious and military orders, and worshipping the Virgin Mary and saints were very important
Hispanic dominance
The universal Christian empire of Carlos V
Territories inherited by Carlos V
From Juana 'la Loca'
Aragón
Castilla
the kingdoms of the Catholic Monarchs
From Felipe I
Flanders
Burgundy
From Maximilian I of Austria
Austria
other territories in the Holy Roman Empire
the right to the title of emperor in 1519
There was no real political unity in this vast empire
The Empire included two key areas
Flanders
rich trade and craft sectors
Castilla
important financial resources that were reinforced by the arrival of precious metals from America
Wars in the empire
Carlos V’s main aspiration was to establish a universal Christian Empire
The following groups were opposed to this
The Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
France
The Ottoman Empire
The pope
The Hispanic monarchy under Felipe II
Inheritance and rule
Carlos V abdicated in 1556
His inheritance was divided between
his son Felipe II
his brother Fernando
Felipe II inherited the kingdoms of Spain and Burgundy
Felipe II reigned between 1556 and 1598
Castilla was the kingdom that made the greatest financial contribution to the Empire
Felipe II chose Madrid as Spain’s capital in 1561
During his reign
he completed the implementation of a system of monarchical government
based on a system of councils
Fight for dominance and economic problems
Sebastian I of Portugal died without an heir in 1578, so Felipe II claimed his crown
Felipe II was recognised as the king of Portugal by the Portuguese Courts of Tomar, in 1580
Felipe II gained an empire of global proportions
Felipe II gained two more enemies in addition to those he inherited from Carlos V
England
Flanders
Felipe II was able to maintain his international policy thanks to his powerful royal armies
The Royal Treasury went bankrupt on several occasions
Felipe II’s foreign policy was characterised by wars against four main powers
Flanders
England
France
The Ottoman Empire
The Hispanic Kingdoms under Carlos V and Felipe II
there were four major rebellions
The revolt of Aragón
The War of Alpujarras
The revolt of the Germanías
The revolt of the Comuneros
The Economy
The economy of the Hispanic kingdoms grew throughout the 16th century
it began to decline in the last few decades
The population had not stopped growing since the 15th century, and the agricultural sector was not meeting the demand for food
the monarchy’s foreign policy required higher taxes, making the population poorer
Economic activities during the XVI Century
Agriculture
Non-irrigated cereal farming was the most important sector
irrigated farming was more productive
used primarily in areas such as the fertile plains of the Ebro and Granada, and the fertile, irrigated regions of Murcia and Valencia
Livestock farming
Since the Middle Ages, the Hispanic kingdoms had been major producers of wool
Wool was exported and was also supplied to artisans’ workshops
Wool production was primarily carried out in the main mountain ranges
Craftwork
Cities such as Segovia, Burgos and Cuenca were important producers of cloth made from Castilian wool
This cloth was exported to the rest of Europe
Silk production was also important in Valencia, Granada, Córdoba and Zaragoza
Trade
there was a boom in Castilian trade fairs
fairs also became important centres for currency exchange
In the Mediterranean, the port of Valencia played a key role in the export of raw materials, and Valencian and Aragonese textiles