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Main nutritional deficiencies (Kiani et al, 2022) - Coggle Diagram
Main nutritional deficiencies (Kiani et al, 2022)
Nutrition: energy required for all bodily processes
Sources
This energy arises from balanced and appropriate intake of nutrients
Types of Nutrients
Micronutrients: Vitamins & minerals
General micronutrient deficiency facts
Affects 2 billion people world wide
Typically iron, iodide, zinc, vitamin A, or folate
Can cause mental impairment, decreased growth, pregnancy problems, increased mortality, faster aging, and more mitochondrial decay
Vitamin Deficiencies
Vitamin A
Deficiency Presentation
Typically in the epithelia of the eye, but also affects epithelia in the intestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts.
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B Vitamins
Vitamin B9 (Folate) Deficiency
Can cause issues with nucleotide synthesis, DNA repair, gene expression, megaloblastic anemia.
Deficiencies in prenatal instances can cause spina bifida, decreased fetal growth, and early delivery
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency
Can be due to lack of animal products in diet, particularly meat & dairy
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Typically arises from malabsorption or metabolic errors
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Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Deficiency
Severely interferes with mitochondrial metabolism
Very rare, as the gut microbes produce biotin in addition to ingested food.
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
Most commonly associated with medication or malabsorption in children, alcoholics, and elderly
Causes anemia, neuropathy, depression, various inflammatory issues, and seizures
Many enzymes will have deficient levels of coenzyme partners
Vitamin C (Ascorbatic Acid)
Deficiency Causes
Scurvy & changes in behavior
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Vitamin E
Deficiency Causes
Increased free radical levels, ataxia, retinopathy, myopathy, decreased somatosensory & tactile perception, and greater chances of: insulin resistance, Alzheimer's, high cholesterol, Parkinson's and cateracts
Vitamin K
Deficiencies in Newborns
Vitamin K deficiency at birth (VKDB)
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General deficiencies cause
Coagulation issues
Vitamin D (Calciferol)
Deficiency Causes
Decreased absorption of many minerals, low blood calcium and phosphates, increased immune issues, cardiovascular issues, osteomalacia (adults), and rickets (children)
Mineral Deficiencies
Iron
Highest risk groups
Children and premenopausal women
Deficiencies
are typically associated with
Microcytic hypochromic anemia (smaller RBCs with less Hb), blood loss, poor diet, tumors, or drugs
Deficiencies can affect
Mental or physical development, behavior, or learning abilities
Iodine
Deficiencies are caused by
Poor diet, genetics, lack of government intervention, lack of sea breeze, exposure to disulfides, percolate, gioterogens, or thiocyanates
Deficiencies can cause
Hypothyroidism, goiter, myxedema, developmental & neurological disorders
Zinc
Deficiencies may
Interfere with 200+ enzymes, delay growth or development, decrease DNA and protein synthesis, and inhibit mitosis
Is poorly bodily retention
Requires a constant ingestion to prevent deficiencies from arising
Deficiency symptoms may include
Decreased immune function, cutaneous lesions, anosmia, decreased gustation, impotence, hair loss, poor appetite, diarrhea, and early delivery
Magnesium
Deficiencies are associated with
Osteoporosis, diabetes, colorectal cancer, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, mitochondrial DNA damage, heightened telomeric shortening, and cessation of the cell cycle.
Selenium
Deficiencies are common if
Soil-selenium levels are low
Deficiencies can cause
Decreased enzyme effects, behvioral changes, low sperm count, cardiovascular issues, hypothyroidism, decreased immune activity, low selenoprotein levels, Keshan disease, or Kishan-Bek disease
Potassium
Sources
Typically ingested from vegetables and fruit
In the United States
Only 3% of adults are estimated to have above-recommended potassium intake
Fluoride
Sources
Gorvernment intervention with water supplies, toothpaste or gels
Deficiencies have been linked to
Increases in tooth decay and oral diseases
Deficiency may be cause by
Antacids, they decrease absorption
Calcium
Deficiencies increase the chances of:
Dental changes, brain changes, rickets, osteoporosis, and cateracts
Deficiencies may be caused by
Diseases or poor diet
Macronutrients: carbs, protein, lipids
Protein Deficiency
Often combines with overall energy deficiencies
Hence
"Proetin-Energy Deficiencies"
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Carbohydrate Deficiency
Carbohydrate deficiencies induce gluconeogenesis
Meaning
Lipids and proteins are converted to carbohydrates
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Lipid Deficiency
In humans, there are two essential fatty acids: Omega-3 and Omega-6
Required for
Growth, wound healing, and immune fuction
Biomarkers
Omega-9, eisonsatrienoic acid, & arachidonic acid
Issues
A deficiency/excess of nutrients can lead to a plethora of nutritional diseases or conditions
Complications with proper intake
Nutrition requirements change throughout the life cycle
Meaning
The definition of "balanced and appropriate" nutrients changes
Eating/digestive disorders may cause absorption deficiencies
Optimal nutrition is not always available
Other times
The nutrients are present, but metabolic issues prevent utilization
Definition of nutrient inadequacy:
When the intake of a nutrient is below the estimated requirement
Why bother differentiating inadequacy vs deficiency?
Deficiencies cause more obvious clinical symptoms
Inadequacies can be masked or hidden by other test/symptoms
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How do doctors determine a deficiency, inadequacy, or metabolic problems?
Biomarker testing
Conditionals
Some nutrients have multiple biomarkers
Circulatory nutrient levels are not the best indicator due to homeostatic effects
Some nutrients have no biomarkers
Biomarkers can change based on numerous factors like age and infection status
Samples are collected from
Blood, urine, and saliva
Nutritional Survey
Just to be sure, these are often provided as additional confirmation of biomarker test results
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