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Exam 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Makes spores Via Meiosis
    - - Makes Gametes
  - - - Haplontic
      - Only Zygote is 2n
    - - Sporophyte evolved as new diploid stage
        
        Key to land plant Success
      - Early Sporophyte
        
        Small, Simple, Parasitic
      - Gametophyte
        
        Dominant; Persistent
  - - - +
        
        Sperm(n)
        
        =
        
        Zygote(2n)
  - - - Leafy; Photosynthetic
      - Male: Antheridiophore
        
        Antheridia (Sperm)
      - Female: Archegoniophore
        
        Archegonia (Egg)
      - Sporophyte (2n)
        
        Grows from fertilized egg
        
        Meiosis Occurs in Sporangium
        
        =
        
        Spores (n)
        
        Small, Temporary, Parasitic to Gametophyte
    - - Similar Cycle to Liverwort
      - Gametophyte
        
        Antheridial Head
        
        Archegonial Head
        
        stalk + capsule(Sporangium) =
        
        Sporophyte
      - Meiosis
        
        Spores
  - - - Sporophyte (2n) Dominant; Vascular
        
        Heterosporous
        
        Microspores(n)
        
        Male Gametophyte
        
        Megaspore
        
        Female Gametophyte
      - Gametophytes develop inside Spores
      - Sperm still needs water
    - - Sporophyte (2n)
        
        Large fronds with Sori (clusters of Sporangia)
      - Gametophyte (n)
        
        small; heart shaped Prothallus
        
        produces Antheridia (sperm) and Archegonia (egg)
      - Water Needed for fertilization
  - - - Sporophyte (2n): tree
      - Gametophytes (n)
        
        Microscopic; Dependent
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        Pollen Grain
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        Forms inside Ovule
      - No Water required for Fertilization (pollen tubes)
    - - Sporophyte (2n): flowering plant
      - Microgametophyte (n): Pollen Grain
      - Megagametophyte (n): Embryo Sac, 8 Nuclei
      - Double Fertilization
        
        Egg + Sperm = Zygote (2n)
        
        Polar Nuclei + Sperm = Endosperm (3n)
- - - - fused lobed at base
  - - - Microspores (n)
        
        Microgametophyte (male)
      - Megaspores (n)
        
        Megagametophyte (female)
    - - Only 1 Megasporocyte per Megasporangium
      - Only 1 Megaspore survives
    - - Develops inside megaspore wall
    - - Opening for Pollen entry
    - - Nourishing tissue from Megasporangium
  - - - Free lobes
      - Loosely attached
    - - Protection from drying/herbivory
    - - Integuments
      - Nucellus
      - Megaspore
      - Gametophyte
  - - - Multicellular, free-living gametophytes
    - - Resistant outer wall (exine)
      - Dispersal without water
      - Some with air bladders (wind pollination)
    - - Feeds on Nucellus (gymnosperm)
      - Guided by synergids (angiosperms)
    - - provides nutrients to sperm
  - - - 1 Integument
      - Nucellus
        
        Megasporangium tissue
      - Archegonium present
      - Exposed ovule (not enclosed in ovary)
    - - 2 integuments
      - Megasporocyte
        
        1 Megaspore
        
        Embryo Sac
      - Megagametophyte (8 nuclei)
        
        1 egg
        
        2 synergids
        
        2 polar nuclei
        
        3 antipodals
      - Enclosed in ovary
  - - - Embryo (2n)
      - Stored food (endosperm or gametophyte)
      - Seed coat (from Integuments)
    - - No water needed for Fertilization
      - Protection from Environment
      - Dormancy increases survival
      - Enabled colonization of drier uplands
      - Evolution of Pollination (wind/insects)
- - - - Megasporangium (nucellus) + Integuments
    - - Megasporocyte (2n)
        
        Meiosis
        
        1 surviving Megaspore (n)
      - Megagametophyte (n) forms inside
      - Micropyle
      - Nucellus
  - - - 1 Megaspore (n)
    - - 1 egg
      - 2 Synergids (guide pollen tube)
      - 2 polar nuclei (form endosperm)
      - 3 antipodals
  - - - Develops into Pollen Grain (n)
      - Within Megasporangium
      - Endosporic Development
    - - Tube Cell
        
        Grows Pollen Tube
      - Generative Cell
        
        Divides into 2 sperm
    - - Protects from Desiccation
  - - - Tube grows into Nucellus
      - Can take months for fertilization
    - - Tube grows through style, guided by Synergids
      - Fast delivery
- - - - 2+ Whorls of stamens
    - - 5+ Carpels
  - - - Herbaceous , likely aquatic
    - - Most primitive living Angiosperm
      - Dioecious shrub (separate male/female plants
      - Found in New Caledonia
  - - - Fewer, definite parts
    - - Compact whorled arrangement
    - - Sometimes Bilateral
    - - Differentiated into sepals (calyx) & Petals (corolla)
  - - - Protects flower bud
    - - Often colorful, attracts pollinators
    - - Filament + Anther
        
        Anther
        
        Microsporogenesis
        
        Produces Pollen (n)
    - - Stigma, Style, Ovary
      - Ovary contains ovules
      - After fertilization
        
        Ovules become seeds
  - - - Superior Ovary
        
        Hypogynous
        
        Lily
      - Inferior Ovary
        
        Epigynous
        
        Apple
      - Half-Inferior
        
        perigynous
        
        Cherry
    - - Perfect
        
        Both Stamens & Carpels
      - Imperfect
        
        Missing one sexual whorl
      - Monoecious
        
        both male & female flowers on one plant
      - Dioecious
        
        Male & female flowers on separate plants
- - - - Becomes Fruit
    - - Seed coat
    - - Pericap: Ovary Wall
        
        Exocap:
        
        Outer layer
        
        Mesocarp:
        
        Flashy middle
        
        Endocarp:
        
        Inner layer
  - - - Develops from 1 Carpel (or fused Carpels
      - Beans, cherry, tomato
      - Fleshy Types:
        
        Berries, drupes, pomes
      - Dry Types:
        
        Dehiscent (splits open)
        
        Indehiscent (does not split)
    - - From multiple Carpels of a single flower
      - Carpels stay distinct in mature fruit
      - Magnolia, strawberry, raspberry
    - - From an Inflorescence (many flowers)
      - Gynoecia of multiple flowers combine
      - Fig, pineapple, mulberry
    - - Contains tissue not derived from ovary
      - Strawberry, apple
    - - Develop without fertilization
      - seedless
      - Banana, seedless watermelon
  - - - Embryo (2n)
      - Seed coat (integuments)
      - Food Source
        
        Endosperm or stored Cotyledons
    - - egg + Sperm = Zygote (2n)
      - Polar Nuclei + Sperm = Endosperm (3n)
    - - 1 Cotyledon
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Corn
    - - 2 Cotyledons
      - Endosperm often absorbed into cotyledons
      - Beans
  - - - Lightweight seeds
      - Winged or parachute shaped
      - Dandelions & Maples
    - - Buoyant seeds with air pockets
      - Coconut
    - - Fleshy fruits attract animals
      - Seeds survive digestion or are regurgitated
      - Some seeds have elaiosomes to attract ants
    - - Gravity drops to the ground
      - Explosive: fruit bursts open, flinging seeds