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組織第三周, 29種膠原蛋白, Mediators of inflammation produced by mast cells are…
組織第三周
分類
寶寶 CT
mesenchyme CT
through proliferation and migration of the mesodermal (and neural crest) cell
細細的
膠原纖維
mucous CT
Wharton’s jelly
gelatin-like, hyaluronan (玻尿酸)-rich ground substance
mesenchymal stem cells
osteocyte
chondrocytes
adipocytes
neural-like cells
present in the umbilical cord
固有CT
細胞多纖維少LCT
位置
呼吸道
固有層
皮膚
乳突層
特質
細胞多
小部分為
纖維母細胞
➥ wandering cells lymphocytes plasma cells
纖維少
大量的背景物質
細胞少纖維厚DCT
DRCT
位置:肌腱
is surrounded by epi tendineum
腱外膜 ; a thin DICT capsule
endotendineum 腱內膜
將tendon分為數個fascicle
大量的膠原纖維
背景物質少
一排排的fibroblasts (tendinocytes 肌腱細胞) crowded between the collagen fibers.
位置:韌帶
大量的膠原纖維
例外:
彈性韌帶=Ligamenta flava (黃韌帶)
膠原纖維少
彈性纖維多
位置:腱膜
大量的膠原纖維
垂直交疊
DICT
位置
皮膚
網狀層
消化道
黏膜下層
特質
細胞少
大部分為
纖維母細胞
大量的膠原纖維
背景物質少
特化CT
太多種了，這裡只介紹脂肪組織
分類
白色15~150 μm
External lamina appear
Size ↑↑, more spherical
Numerous small lipid droplets coalesce to form a single large lipid droplet not membrane bound a condensed layer of lipid reinforced by parallel vimentin filaments
Lipid droplets
lost in routine histologic sections (extraction by organic solvents such as xylene (二甲苯)).
A signet-ring appearance (a thin rim of cytoplasm + a flattened, peripherally displaced nucleus).
Rich vascularity (reflecting its high metabolic activity).
Adipocytes surrounded by reticular fibers (secreted by adipocytes) ➥ 銀染
棕色10~25 μm
Retroperitoneal space around the kidney , adrenal glands , large vessels ), deep cervical and supraclavicular regions of neck , interscapular and paravertebral regions of back , and mediastinum .
Regulated by norepinephrine 正腎上腺素 released from sympathetic nerve terminals
A rich vascularity ➥ enhance its color .
Numerous unmyelinated , noradrenergic 正腎上腺素 sympathetic nerve fibers are present among the fat cells.
難以定義單個細胞
Round nucleus is more centrally located
Cytoplasm ➥ numerous small lipid droplets lost during preparation).
Numerous large spherical mitochondria with well developed cristae 嵴 ) ➥ Large amounts of cytochrome oxidase 細胞色素氧化酶 , imparts brown color to the cells
Subcutaneous layer , breast , greater omentum , mesentery , retroperitoneal space , bone marrow 。As a cushion in the palms of hands and the soles of feet , beneath visceral pericardium 臟層心包, and in the orbits around the eyeballs.
源頭
perivascular mesenchymal stem cells
PPARγ / RXR
Early lipoblasts 前脂肪細胞
midstage lipoblasts
late lipoblasts
1 more item...
P
eroxisome
p
roliferator
-a
ctivated
r
eceptor γ (PPARγ)或是
r
etinoid
X
r
eceptor(RXR)
skeletal myogenic progenitor cells
骨骼肌源性前驅細胞，位於皮肌節
PRDM16 / PGC 1
Early lipoblasts
棕色脂肪細胞
PR
d
o
m
ain containing
16
(PRDM16)或是
P
PARγ
c
oactivator
1
(PGC 1)
三種CT fibers
網狀纖維
位置
除了胸腺以外的所有淋巴器官
骨髓
肝
脂肪細胞
神經
肌肉
上皮ㄉ網狀層
構成
collagen fibrils =膠三
Fibrils ➥ a narrow diameter about 20 nm )); typically not bundle to form thick fibers
HE染其實看不太到
比type I fibers多很多醣基
Periodic acid Schiff(PAS)
銀染
可見到線狀
彈性纖維
MAGP-1
Formation of elastin fiber is initiated by MAGP-1 molecules
EMILIN-1
Fibrillin-1 (原纖維蛋白) polymerizes in a head-to-tail arrangement
Fibrillin microfibrils (原纖維蛋白微原纖維, 10-12 nm in diameter): as substrates for the assembly.
由Elastin彈性蛋白構成
is deposited on the surface of microfibrils ➥ Elastic fibers.
Tropoelastin (彈性蛋白原) molecules are cross-linked by lysyl oxidase.
特質
比膠原纖維細
可被HE染到旦不是很清楚
orcein 地衣紅
resorcin fuchsin 間苯二酚品紅
Weigert’s elastic tissue stain : purple violet.
Verhoeff’s hematoxylin elastic tissue stain :
Gomori’s aldehyde fuchsin stain : blue black.
Modified Taenzer Unna orcein stain : red brown.
大量分支
Elastic material is a major extracellular substance in vertebral ligaments, and elastic arteries
ligamentum nuchae (項韌帶),
ligamentum flava (黃韌帶)
Elastic artery (彈性動脈): aorta and its branches, pulmonary artery.
Like the collagen fibers in the tunica media (中膜) of blood vessel walls, the elastic material of arteries is produced by smooth muscle cells, not by fibroblasts.
Elastic material is present as fenestrated lamellae (arranged in concentric layers between layers of smooth muscle cells).
膠原纖維
Collagen molecule or tropocollagen
Collagen fibril 原纖維
Collagen fiber 纖維
When examined with TEM , collagen fibers appear as bundles of fine , thread like collagen fibrils 膠原 原纖維
Collagen fibrils exhibit a sequence of 68 nm banding pattern 帶型
In the LM , collagen fibers ➥ bundle : ~ 2 to 10 μ m in diameter) typically appear as wavy structures of variable width and indeterminate length.
Stain pink with eosin 伊紅
Light green dye used in Masson trichrome’s stain
Aniline blue 苯胺藍 dye used in Mallory trichrome’s CT stain
Type I collagen molecule [α1(I)2 α2(I)], 300 nm long , 1.5 nm thick ) is a triple helix composed of 3 intertwined polypeptide α chain
Collagen molecules align head to tail in overlapping rows with a gap between the molecules in each row and a one quarter molecule stagger between adjacent rows.
Collagen fibrils 15 300 nm ) then assemble into bundles to form collagen fibers
type I collagen fiber formation
胞內的事件Production of procollagen
Pro α chains are synthesized in the rER ➥ Formation of procollagen molecule .
Secretory vesicles 分泌囊泡 ) release procollagen at the cell surface
Transport of procollagan molecules to Golgi apparatus .
胞外的事件Fibrillogenesis
polymerization of collagen molecules into fibril
Fibrils further associate with each other to form larger collagen fibers
Formation of collagen molecule
Procollagen molecule cleavage by procollagen peptidases
Aggregated collagen molecules align to form collagen fibrils more than one type of collagen molecule I , II, III, V, XI,....
背誦29種collagen!!!
Several classes of collagens are identified on the basis of their polymerization pattern
Fibrillar collagens
Characterized by uninterrupted glycine proline hydroxyproline repeats and aggregate to form 68 nm banded fibrils
Fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helixes FACITs
Located on the surface of different fibrils ➥ provide flexibility to the molecule.
Hexagonal network forming collagens
8 10
Transmembrane collagens
Multiplexins
具有多個短三螺旋結構域和中斷的膠原蛋白（非三螺旋區域）
賦予膠原蛋白分子
靈活
Basement membrane forming collagens
特質
CT=
細胞
常駐細胞群:幾乎不動
脂肪細胞
巨噬細胞
phagocytic activity antigen presenting cell
➥ helper CD4+ T lymphocyte).
Abundant lysosomes 溶酶體 , staining for acid phosphatase activity ) in the cytoplasm.
An indented or kidney shaped nucleus .
在電顯下 Lysosome + the surface cytoplasmic projections .
難以辨識
肥大
細胞
內有大顆嗜鹼性顆粒，是發炎介質
顆粒要用fixatives (glutaraldehyde (戊二醛) fixation) used to preserve the granules.
Granules displayed with basic dyes such as toluidine blue (甲苯胺藍).
有兩種
CT mast cells MC TC mast cells
皮膚ㄉCT
腸的黏膜下層
乳腺
axillary lymph nodes
顆粒是晶格狀
Granule associated tryptase 類胰蛋白酶
and chymase 凝乳酶
Mucosal mast cells MC T mast cells
腸肺的固有層很多
顆粒是卷軸狀
只有tryptase
纖維母細胞
Oval nuclei
Thin , flattened , lightly acidophilic cytoplasmic processes ➥ blend with collagen fibers
Activated fibroblasts during wound repair
Responsible for the synthesis of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers , and ground substance ➥ exhibits conspicuous profiles of rER and a prominent Golgi apparatus
Basophilic cytoplasm ➥ rER associated with protein synthesis .
肌纖維母細胞
An elongated , spindly CT cell not readily identifiable in routine H&E preparations.
expression of α smooth muscle actin
α SMA : actin isoform found in the vascular smooth muscles ; not present in fibroblasts ) in myofibroblasts is regulated by TGF-β1
Nucleus often shows an undulating surface profile 細胞收縮
With the TEM ➥ rER and Golgi profiles
Dense bodies 緻密體 similar to those observed in smooth muscle cells
Bundles of actin filaments associated with myosin to subserve a contractile function .
Lacks a surrounding external lamina and usually exists as an isolated cell
遊走細胞群:為了回應刺激物而離開血管的細胞們
嗜中性球
形狀
多葉的核
漿細胞
位置
淋巴結
造血處
唾腺
有LCT的地方
胃腸ㄉ
呼吸道ㄉ
形狀 特質
核的形狀很怪! Large clumps of peripheral heterochromatin 異染色質 ) alternating with clear areas of euchromatin 真染色質 ) ➥ resembling a cartwheel 車輪 ) or analog clock face
Strong basophilic cytoplasm ➥ an extensive rER .
和旁邊很淡染 ➥ 因為很多Golgi app
淋巴球 smallest wandering cell
位置: ㄉ固有層
胃腸ㄉ
呼吸道ㄉ
分類
T
CD2
3
5
7
T-cell receptor
effectors in cell-mediated immunity.
B
CD9
19
20
attached immunoglobulins IgM and IgD
recognize antigen
effectors in antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity.
Natural killer lymphocytes
CD16a
CD56
CD94
destroy virus-infected cells and some tumor cells by a cytotoxic mechanism (not antigen specific).
嗜酸性球
過敏 寄生蟲
形狀
內有大顆顆粒
核是雙葉
單核球
形狀
缺角的核
極弱鹼的細胞質
分化進入 mononuclear phagocytic system (CT macrophage , Langerhans cell等等等)
ECM
三種CT fibers
膠原纖維
Langer lines
lines of tension 張力線
彈性纖維
網狀纖維
背景物質
occupies the spaces between the cells and fibers
viscous , clear substance and high water content
In routine H&E preparations, ground substance is always lost
empty background
because of its extraction during fixation and dehydration of the tissue.
GAGs ; 醣胺聚醣
covalently bound to the蛋白聚醣
蛋白聚醣
very large macromolecules composed of a core protein
多黏附性醣蛋白
29種膠原蛋白
13 17 23 25
17
上皮細胞膜的穿膜膠原
與整合素作用穩定橋粒構造
在 hemidesmosome
13
在 focal adhesion
23
在會轉移的癌細胞中
25
腦才有
1 2 3 5 11 24
2
軟骨、脊索、椎間盤
抵抗間歇性的壓力
3
疏鬆結締組織、平滑肌、神經內膜、血管和胎兒皮膚
形成網狀纖維；提供各種器官的細胞和血管支撐的架構
1
皮膚、骨頭、肌腱、韌帶、器官被膜等，佔膠原的90%
提供抵抗外力、張力、拉力
4 6 7 28
4
上皮的基板（
基底膜
的主要結構）腎絲球球體和晶狀體被囊
提供支撐與過濾障壁
7
皮膚、眼睛、子宮及食道的anchoring fibril
穩固基板與結締組織的連接
6
beaded filaments
15 18
9 12 14 16 19 20 21 22 26 27 29
8 10
Mediators
of inflammation produced by mast cells are divided into 2 categories
Preformed mediators stored in secretory granules and released upon cell activation):
嗜中性球趨化因子
絲胺酸蛋白酶
嗜酸性球趨化因子
組織胺
肝素
Newly synthesized mediators
produced and secreted immediately by activated mast cells) ➥ mostly lipids and cytokines 細胞激素
LTC 4 白三烯素
TNF-α
介白素
GM-CSF
prostaglandin D 2 前列腺素
皮膚
皮膚
真皮層
乳突層
LCT
網狀層
DICT
皮下層
表皮層
Monocyte 單核球
from bone marrow and differentiate in CT
HSC
Niches棲位 of adult stem cells 成體幹細胞 ➥ Lineage specific cells
Stomach ➥ isthmus 峽 ) of gastric gland .
Small and large intestines ➥ base of intestinal gland
Bone marrow ➥ Hematopoitic stem cells 造血幹細胞 ), Bone marrow stromal cells 骨髓基質幹細胞 ), and Multipotent adult progenitor cells 多潛能成體前驅細胞 ).
Vascular pericytes 周細胞 or perivascular cells or adventitial cells 外膜細胞 )) partially wrap around capillaries and venules ➥ Mesenchymal stem cells 間葉幹細胞
Flattened nuclei (curved to conform to tubular shape).
Pericytes not in CT ) share the basal lamina of endothelium
