A. Female Sterilization (Tubal Ligation)
-Bilateral tubal ligation.
-Methods: division, clips, rings, diathermy, laser.
-Techniques: laparotomy, mini-lap, laparoscopy.
-Timing: post-childbirth (within 24–48 hrs) or as interval (non-pregnant).
Effectiveness: 99–100%.
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Contraindications
-Suspected pregnancy.
-Active PID.
Unexplained vaginal bleeding.
-Postpartum infection or hemorrhage.
STDs.
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Complications
Anesthesia, infection, hemorrhage, trauma.
Notes:
Irreversible.
-Counseling + written informed consent.
Consider life changes (divorce, death of children).
-Hormones still produced; ovulation continues; normal menstruation likely.