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PRAGMATICS - study of language in context - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Directives – here the speaker tries to make the hearer do something, with such words as: ask, beg,
        challenge, command, dare, invite, insist, request
      - Representatives – here the speaker asserts a proposition to be true, using such verbs as: affirm, believe,
        conclude, deny, report. These speech acts of a special kind where the utterance of the right words by the right person in the right
        situation effectively is (or accomplishes) the social act
      - Commissives – here the speaker commits himself (or herself) to a (future) course of action, with verbs such
        as: guarantee, pledge, promise, swear, vow, undertake
      - Declarations – the speaker alters the external status or condition of an object or situation, solely by making
        the utterance
      - Acknowledgments - apologizing, condoling, congratulating, greeting, thanking,
        accepting.
        Effectives - banning, bidding, censuring, dubbing, enjoining, firing, indicting, moving,
        nominating, pardoning, penalizing, promoting, seconding, sentencing, suspending,
        vetoing, voting
        Verdictives - acquitting, assessing, calling (by an umpire or referee), certifying,
        convicting, grading, judging, ranking
      - Illocutionary act may be: direct/indirect, literal/non-literal, explicit/implicit
      - Expressives – the speaker expresses an attitude to or about a state of affairs,
- - - - Socio-pragmatics is the sociological interface of pragmatics, even though the construction of politeness expressions seems to be universal, there
        may be considerable room for cross-cultural misunderstanding, choice of terms is determined by social factors: the particular
        occasion; the social status, or rank of the other sex; age; family relationship; occupational
        hierarchy etc.
    - - At the pragma-liguistic level we need to understand what the speaker is
        trying to do with the language, the speaker’s choice of the language in social inter-action and
        the effects of that choice on the listener. It's important to use speech acts
        
        Illocutionary meaning (illocutionary force): the effect the utterance has on the hearer.
        
        Propositional (locutionary speech act): the literal/conceptual meaning conveyed by the
        particular words and structures which the utterance contains
        
        Perlocutionary act: the particular effect the speaker’s utterance has on the hearer, who
        might feel amused, persuaded, warned, etc
    - - Space: people use space during conversations: you must know whether the locals prefer to save long distance or short one
      - Time: people from different cultures view time and the use of time differently, thats why you must understand it's "language"
      - Politeness: pragmatic distinctions of formality, politeness, and intimacy are
        spread through the grammatical, lexical and phonological systems, ultimately reflecting
        matters of social class, status, and role.
      - Addressing: there are different ways of addressing people: address people by title (T), by first
        name (FN), by last name (LN), by a nick-name, by some combination of these, or by nothing
        at all. You should know which option fits a certaincountry