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1864-1918 - Coggle Diagram
1864-1918
Reservation Policy 1850s
Prevented them from moving freely and allowed government to enforce policies that forbade tribal culture
Children sent off to off-reservation boarding schools, could not speak their own languages and had to renounce their traditional tribal beliefs
Power of chief reduced as Indian Bureau appointed an Indian Agent on each reservation to be responsible for all matters relating to the Indians (but especially for reservations)
Reservations still preserved some elements of NA tribal lifestyle as they were still together as a community
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Some graduates of Carlisle and Hampton (model off-reservation boarding schools) became interpreters for Indian Agents, some became scouts, but the vast majority returned to reservation life. However, they became alienated from their families and deemed in untrustworthy having been schooled to be models to the tribes
Dawes Act 1887
Divided reservations into allotments given to NAs, forcing them into being landowners and citizens
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Some sold land to white settlers to pay debt, then fell into poverty
NAs did not want land nor US citizenship, they wanted self-determination
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WW1 (1914-1918)
100,000 NA men fought in the war
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Division -- Some NA families forcibly given jobs in industry and factories by government. Some embraced assimilation
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By 1900
Reservation system deprived NA freedom, pride, self-respect and land
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Muskogee Convention 1905
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Attempts failed, but still showed tribal unity
Plains Wars 1854-1879
Sand Creek Massacre 1864
- NAs previously encamped in Big Sandy Creek, suffered greatly from loss of hunting grounds
- Governor Evans ordered for 'friendly' Chiefs to collect supplies
- NAs came with a white flag surrendering and claiming peace but troops opened fire
- Over 250 NAs massacred
- Resulted in long conflict
Battle of Little Bighorn 1876
- Land was originally guaranteed by the government to the NAs, but white miners stayed there
- Chief Sitting Bull along with his followers called for resistance of US expansion
- General Custer found Sitting Bull's village and ordered to attack immediately
- Over 2,000 NAs took part in resisting, armed with superior rifles
- Custer had only 210 soldiers and they were all killed
- Most decisive NA victory in Plains Wars
Curtis Act 1898
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5 civilised tribes originally not included in the Dawes Act, now they are as well
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Life on reservations
Harsh conditions, 'Americanisation' could have brought improvement, but only stole freedom from NAs
NAs were dependent on the food government supplied, and some Indian Agents were corrupt and used the money for themselves, leading NAs to starve
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